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G. D. Illingworth, D. A. Forbes, R. Guzmán, A. C. Phillips
and N. P. Vogt
UCO/Lick Observatory and Board of Astronomy and Astrophysics
University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
Keywords: faint galaxies, high redshifts
The DEEP project (Deep Extragalactic Evolutionary Probe) is a multi-year program using the 10-m Keck telescope to conduct a large-scale survey of distant, faint, field galaxies in regions that have been imaged by HST (see, e.g., the paper by Koo in this volume, and references therein). The broad scientific goal is to understand how galaxies and their distribution in space have evolved out to redshifts z>1, and the mechanisms of that evolution. The DEEP team currently is undertaking a survey of the properties of distant galaxies using the Keck first-generation HIRES and LRIS spectrographs in areas for which HST WFPC2 images are available.
Together these data provide redshifts, internal velocities, metallicity indices, colors, magnitudes, sizes and surface brightnesses. The internal kinematical measurements, i.e., rotation curves and velocity widths, provide a new and very powerful dimension to studies of the degree of evolution with look-back time, since they are not dependent on luminosity (see e.g., Forbes et al. 1996, Guzmán et al. 1996, and Vogt et al. 1996). In particular, they can provide estimates of mass, when size and inclination are determined from HST images. Evolution is assessed by comparing the physical properties of distant galaxies with their nearby counterparts of similar kinematical characteristics.
Some of the data and results obtained in this initial stage of the DEEP
project are shown in Figure 1 for two high redshift galaxies. The elliptical
in Figure 1a appears to be lensing a distant object (at ---see
Crampton et al. 1996; see also Ratnatunga et al. 1996). Measurement of the
stellar velocity dispersion should be practical for the lensing object. The
disk galaxy in Figure 1b shows the potential for measurement of rotation
curves for distant galaxies. Such measurements have been made for a larger
sample and the results summarized in Figure 2 (see Vogt et al. 1996).
These results are contributions from a team effort that involves the authors as well as S. Faber, C. Gronwall, E. Groth, D. Koo and K. Wu, plus other members of the DEEP team. This project is being carried out under the auspices of the Berkeley Center for Particle Astrophysics. Funding for this work was provided by NSF grants AST91-20005 and AST-8858203, and NASA grants AR-5801.01-94A and GO-2684.05-87A. R. G. acknowledges funding from the Spanish MEC fellowship EX93-27295297.
Figure:
The large data points in this plot of luminosity versus velocity width
represent galaxies with spatially-resolved rotation
curves. Eight of these galaxies were observed spectroscopically with the Keck
telescope, while two are from Vogt et al. (1993). HST WFPC2 images
of the galaxies provided structural and
geometrical parameters (disk scale lengths, inclination and major axis PA).
Final velocities were obtained by matching observed spectra to simulated
emission line spectra which included the effects of finite slit width, slit
misalignment and seeing (Vogt et al. 1996).
The smaller data points represent galaxies with line-width measurements
(Forbes et al. 1996). Error bars are representative of
the two approaches. The lines show the local Tully-Fisher relationship of
Pierce & Tully (1988), and a 2 dispersion about it.
The sample is split at
. We find no evidence for strong
evolution in the M/L ratios of the galaxies in either the low or the high
redshift sample, though we note that both samples are quite limited in size.
Our data constrain luminosity increases to be < 1
magnitude at
--1.
Crampton, D., Le Fèvre, O., Hammer, F., & Lilly, S. J. 1996, A&A, in press
Forbes, D. A., Phillips, A. C., Koo, D. C., & Illingworth, G. D. 1996, ApJ, in press
Groth, E. J. et al. 1996, in preparation
Guzmán, R. et al. 1996, ApJ, 460, L5
Pierce, M. J. & Tully, R. B. 1988, ApJ, 330, 579
Ratnatunga, K. U., Ostrander, E. J., Griffiths, R. E., & Im, M. 1995, ApJ, 453, L5
Vogt, N. P., Herter, T., Haynes, M. P., & Courteau, S. 1993, ApJ, 415, L95
Vogt, N. P. et al. 1996, ApJ, in preparation