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Performance of prescription-based PSF generation is limited by the accuracy
of the prescription data. Prescription retrieval provides a means of
improving estimates of prescription parameters by computer processing of
image data (Fig. 2). Prescription retrieval takes as a starting point the
optical design prescription, including the location and orientation of each optical element specified in global coordinates, plus figure (conic constant, radius, and Zernike or other deformation parameters) and index. Higher spatial-frequency figure errors determined by optical testing of the elements are added to the respective element surfaces. Obscurations are placed at the appropriate physical coordinates.
The prescription retrieval process takes image data as input. It uses SCOMP functions to generate images that match the data on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Residual pixel differences are minimized in an iterative optimization loop that varies selected prescription parameters. We have used Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear least-squares and the NPSOL sequential quadratic programming algorithms with good success. The result, when the process is converged, is improved estimates of those prescription parameters. The best results are obtained using several images simultaneously, preferably images that use different field and focus points. Image diversity improves the observability and separability of individual parameters.
We developed prescription retrieval as part of the Hubble Aberration Recovery Project. The main objective here was to obtain an accurate estimate of the true conic constant of the OTA primary mirror, which is the source of most of the spherical aberration seen in pre-refit HST images. It turned out that other effects were significant also, especially conic constant errors in the WFPC repeater cameras. Alone among several groups analyzing the HST images we were able to determine those effects and separate them from the primary mirror errors (Redding, Dumont, and Yu 1993). The resulting estimate of the primary conic constant was in agreement with the results of workers who examined the HST primary mirror fabrication and test hardware, and is validated by the excellent quality of the images from the refurbished cameras.
Example simulated and actual Hubble/PC6 images are shown in Fig. 3. The
simulated image was computed tracing 65,000 rays to update a 512512
diffraction grid. Two images, taken at different focus and field settings, were used in the retrieval process (the second is not shown). A total of about 40 parameters were estimated, including various element alignments and figure parameters. Convergence required many days running on a SPARC 1+ workstation.
The images show good agreement with respect to major features such as the spherical aberration rings and the location and structure of the diffracted obscuration patterns. The match is not perfect and can be improved by the addition of the primary mirror zonal aberrations and other effects.
We also applied prescription retrieval to diagnostic star images that were
returned by the Mars Observer Narrow-Angle Camera during its approach to
Mars. This camera was equipped with heaters on its primary mirror that, when
activated, cause a nearly pure focus change to be imparted to the system. A
typical example image showing simulated and actual data is given in Fig. 4.
Retrieval here was complicated by limited dynamic range and noise contributed by a lossy data compression algorithm used in the approach phase of the flight.
Results of prescription retrieval using 7 images taken on both sides of focus and across the camera field indicated that the primary mirror had deformed slightly, with the main error being 45-degree astigmatism. Other possible errors, such as decenter of the secondary mirror, did not accurately reproduce the observed images. Performance at the best focus setting was good, however, with a 1-3 pixel PSF.
There are several potential problems to be considered when applying prescription retrieval. These are:
Besides its role in image restoration, prescription retrieval also has significant advantages for optical test and calibration, and for active optical control. These advantages include:
Prescription retrieval does require a large amount of computational power. The best results require simultaneous processing of numerous images while exercising an appropriate number of prescription parameters. This requires a large amount of memory as well as high-speed computation.
For most instruments, prescription retrieval will be performed intensively once, to provide the best possible understanding of the basic instrument configuration. This initial retrieval will utilize diagnostic star images taken at multiple focus and field points. This computationally intensive process need not be repeated unless the instrument radically changes.
Subsequent limited prescription retrieval might be optionally performed on a reduced parameter set, without the need for special diagnostic images. Here the objective would be to account for small, localized shifts that are known to occur relatively frequently, such as the HST thermally induced ``breathing'' effects. This process will be much less computationally intensive. Retrieved prescription data will be archived by the application and referenced by date, so that appropriate prescriptions will be available for recovery.