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L A T E X Command Summary
This listing contains short descriptions of the
control sequences that are likely to be handy for
users of L A T E X v2.09 layered on T E X v2.0. Some
of these commands are L A T E X macros, while oth�
ers belong to plain T E X; no attempt to differen�
tiate them is made.
``/ --- ordinary space after period.
``! --- negative thin space = \Gamma 1
6 quad;
xx``!x yields xxx (math mode).
``'' makes an umlaut, as �o.
``# prints a pound sign: #.
``$ prints a dollar sign: $.
``% prints a percent sign: %.
``& prints an ampersand: &.
``' in tabbing environment moves current column
to the right of the previous column. Elsewhere,
acute accent, as 'o.
``( --- start math mode. Same as ``begin--math�
or $.
``) --- end math mode. Same as ``end--math� or $.
``* is a discretionary multiplication sign, at which
a line break is allowed.
``+ moves left margin to the right by one tab stop.
Begin tabbed line.
``, --- thin space = 1
6 quad; xx``,x yields xxx. It
is not restricted to math mode.
``� in tabbing environment, moves left margin to
the left by one tab stop. Elsewhere, optional
hyphenation.
``. puts a dot accent over a letter, as �
o.
``/ inserts italics adjustment space.
``: --- medium space = 2
9 quad; xx``:x yields xx x
(math mode).
``; --- thick space = 5
18 quad; xx``;x yields xx x
(math mode).
``! in tabbing environment, puts text to left of
local left margin.
``= in tabbing environment, sets a tab stop.
Elsewhere, makes a macron accent, as �o.
``? in tabbing environment is a forward tab.
Otherwise, medium space = 2
9
quad (math
mode).
``@ declares the period that follows is to be a
sentence�ending period.
``[ --- same as ``begin--displaymath� or $$.
```` terminates a line.
````* terminates a line, but disallows a pagebreak.
``] --- same as ``end--displaymath� or $$.
``� makes a circumflex, as �o.
``� is an underscore, as in hours worked.
``` in tabbing environment moves all text which
follows (up to ````) to the right margin.
Elsewhere, grave accent , as `o.
``-- prints a curly left brace: f.
``--- is k (math mode).
``� prints a curly right brace: g.
``~ makes a tilde, as ~
n.
``a' makes an acute accent in tabbing
environment, as 'o.
``a` makes a grave accent in tabbing
environment, as `o.
``a= makes a macron accent in tabbing
environment, as �o.
``aa is �a. ``AA is � A.
``acute makes an acute accent: ' a (math mode).
``addcontentsline--toc�--section�--name� adds
the command ``contentsline--section�--name�
to the .toc file.
``address--text� declares the return address in
the letter document style.
``addtocontents--toc�--text� writes text to the
.toc file.
``addtocounter--name�--amount� adds amount to
counter name.
``addtolength--``nl�--length� adds length to
length command ``nl. See also ``setlength,
``newlength, ``settowidth.
``ae is ae. ``AE is AE.
``aleph is @ (math mode).
``alph--counter� prints counter as lower�case
letters. ``Alph--counter� prints upper�case
letters.
``alpha is ff (math mode).
``amalg is q (math mode).
``and separates multiple authors for the
``maketitle command.
``angle is (math mode).
``appendix starts appendices.
``approx is � (math mode).
``arabic--counter� prints counter as arabic
numerals 1, 2, etc.
``arccos is arccos (math mode).
``arcsin is arcsin (math mode).

2 L A T E X Command Summary
``arctan is arctan (math mode).
``arg is arg (math mode).
``arraycolsep --- width of the space between
columns in an array environment.
``arrayrulewidth --- width of the rule created in
tabular or array environment by ---, ``hline,
or ``vline.
``arraystretch --- scale factor for interrow
spacing in array and tabular environments.
``ast is \Lambda (math mode).
``asymp is i (math mode).
``author--names� declares author(s) for the
``maketitle command.
``b is a ``bar�under'' accent, as o
� .
``backslash is n (math mode).
``bar puts a macron over a letter: � a (math mode).
``baselineskip --- distance from bottom of one
line of a paragraph to bottom of the next line.
``baselinestretch --- factor by which
``baselineskip is multiplied each time a type
size changing command is executed.
``begin--environment� --- always paired with
``end--environment�. Following are the assorted
environments.
``begin--abstract� starts an environment for
producing an abstract.
``begin--array�--lrc� starts array environment
with 3 columns, left�justified, right�justified,
and centered. Separate columns with &, and
end lines with ````. @--text� between l, r or c
arguments puts text between columns.
``begin--center� starts an environment in which
every line is centered. End lines with ````.
``begin--description� starts a labeled list. Items
are indicated by ``item[label].
``begin--displaymath� sets mathematics on lines
of its own. Same as ``[ or $$.
``begin--document� starts the actual text of a
document. Required.
``begin--enumerate� starts a numbered list.
``begin--eqnarray� starts a displaymath
environment in which more than one equation
can be accommodated. Separate equations with
```` or ````*; use ``nonumber to suppress
numbering a particular equation.
``begin--eqnarray*� begins an environment like
the eqnarray environment except that the
equations aren't numbered.
``begin--equation� starts a displaymath
environment and adds an equation number.
``begin--figure�[pos] begins a floating
environment, which may be optionally placed
at pos (see positions on page 8). Document
styles report and article use the default tbp.
``begin--figure*�[pos] begins a
two�column�wide figure. See ``begin--figure�.
``begin--flushleft� starts environment with
ragged right�hand margin. Separate lines with
````. See ``raggedright.
``begin--flushright� starts environment with
ragged left�hand margin. Separate lines with
````. See ``raggedleft.
``begin--itemize� starts a ``bulleted'' (ffl) list.
Start each item with ``item.
``begin--list�--labeling�--spacing� starts a
general list environment. labeling specifies
how items are labeled when ``item has no
argument. spacing is an optional list of
spacing parameters.
``begin--math� starts a math display like this:
x 2 + y 2 , within text. Same as $ or ``(.
``begin--minipage�[pos]--vsize� starts a box of
height vsize. Text will be positioned according
to pos (see positions on page 8).
``begin--picture�(x; y)(x l ; y l ) starts a picture
environment whose width is x units, height is y
units, and lower�left corner is the point (x l ; y l
).
Set units with ``unitlength.
``begin--quotation� starts an environment with
wider margins, normal paragraph indenting,
and offset from the text at top and bottom.
``begin--quote� starts an environment with wider
margins, no paragraph indenting, and offset
from the text at top and bottom.
``begin--tabbing� starts a columnar environment.
Use commands ``= (set tab), ``? (tab), ``!
(backtab), ``+ (indent one tab stop), ``�
(outdent one tab stop), ``` (flush right), ``'
(flush left), ``pushtabs, ``poptabs, ``kill, ````.
``begin--table�[pos] begins a floating
environment, which may be optionally placed
at pos (see positions on page 8). Document
styles report and article use the default tbp.
``begin--table*�[pos] begins a two�column�wide
table. See ``begin--table�.
``begin--tabular�--arg� starts an array
environment which can be used in or out of
math mode. arg contains column text
positioning commands r, l, c, @--...�,
p--length� (see positions on page 8).
--- produces vertical line between columns.
*--7�--r---l---� repeats that entry 7 times.

November 13, 1998 3
``begin--theorem� --- see ``newtheorem.
``begin--titlepage� is an environment with no
page number, and causes following page to be
numbered ``1''.
``begin--verbatim� starts an environment which
will be typeset exactly as you type it, carriage
returns and all, usually in typewriter font.
``begin--verse� starts an environment for poetry
with wider margins, no paragraph indenting,
and ragged right margin.
``beta is fi (math mode).
``bf switches to bold face type.
``bibitem--ref� text creates a bibliography entry
text, numbers it, and labels it with reference
label ref.
``bibliography--file� --- insert bibliography
from file name.bib at this point in text.
``bibliographystyle--style� --- a format
specifier, like ``documentstyle.
``bigcap is
T (math mode).
``bigcirc is fl (math mode).
``bigcup is
S (math mode).
``bigodot is
J (math mode).
``bigoplus is
L (math mode).
``bigotimes is
N (math mode).
``bigtriangledown is 5 (math mode).
``bigtriangleup is 4 (math mode).
``bigskip --- standard ``big'' vertical skip.
``bigskipamount --- default length for ``bigskip.
``bigsqcup is
F (math mode).
``biguplus is
U (math mode).
``bigvee is
W (math mode).
``bigwedge is
V (math mode).
``bmod is binary modulo expression u mod m
(math mode).
``boldmath changes math italics and math
symbols to boldface. Should be used outside of
math mode.
``bot is ? (math mode).
``bottomfraction --- maximum fraction of page
occupied by floats at the bottom.
``bowtie is ./ (math mode).
``Box is 2 (math mode).
``breve makes a breve accent: � a (math mode).
``bullet is ffl (math mode).
``c is a cedilla, as �c.
``cal produces calligraphic letters, as B (math
mode).
``cap is `` (math mode).
``caption[loftitle]--text� creates a numbered
caption in a figure or table environment.
Optional loftitle contains entry for the list of
figures if different from text.
``cc--text� declares list of copy recipients for
letter document style.
``cdot is \Delta (math mode).
``cdots makes three dots centered on the line: \Delta \Delta \Delta
(cf. ``ldots) (math mode).
``centering declares that all text following is to
be centered (cf. ``begin--center�).
``chapter[toctitle]--text� begins a new
section, automatically headed and numbered.
Optional toctitle contains entry for the table
of contents if different from text.
``chapter*--title� is like ``chapter--title�, but
adds no chapter number or table of contents
entry.
``check makes a h'a�cek, as � a (math mode).
``chi is � (math mode).
``circ is ffi (math mode).
``circle--diameter� as a valid argument for ``put
in a picture environment, draws a circle.
``circle*--diameter� is like ``circle, but draws
a solid circle.
``cite[subcit]--ref� produces a reference, in
square brackets, to a bibliographic item created
with ``bibitem--ref�. Optional sub�citation
subcit can be inserted in the entry.
``cleardoublepage forces next page to be a
right�hand, odd�numbered page.
``clearpage ends a page where it is, and puts
pending figures or tables on separate float
pages with no text.
``cline--i�j� draws a horizontal line across
columns i through j inclusive in array or
tabular environments.
``closing--text� declares the closing in letter
document style.
``clubsuit is --- (math mode).
``columnsep --- distance between columns in
two�column text.
``columnseprule --- width of the rule between
columns on two�column pages.
``columnwidth --- width of the current column.
Equals ``textwidth in single�column text.
``cong is � = (math mode).
``coprod is
` (math mode).

4 L A T E X Command Summary
``copyright is c
fl.
``cos is cos (math mode).
``cosh is cosh (math mode).
``cot is cot (math mode).
``coth is coth (math mode).
``csc is csc (math mode).
``cup is [ (math mode).
``d is a ``dot under'' accent, as o . .
``dag is y.
``dagger is y (math mode).
``dashbox--dwid�(width,height)[pos]--text�
creates a dashed rectangle around text in a
picture environment. Dashes are dwid units
wide; dimensions of rectangle are width and
height; text is positioned at optional pos (see
positions on page 8).
``dashv is a (math mode).
``date--adate� declares the date for the
``maketitle command. The default is ``today.
``day --- current day of the month.
``dblfloatpagefraction --- minimum fraction of
a float page that must be occupied by floats, for
two�column float pages.
``dblfloatsep --- distance between floats at the
top or bottom of a two�column float page.
``dbltextfloatsep --- distance between
double�width floats at the top or bottom of a
two�column page and the text on that page.
``dbltopfraction --- maximum fraction at the
top of a two�column page that may be occupied
by floats.
``ddag is z.
``ddagger is z (math mode).
``ddot makes a dieresis over a letter: � a (math
mode).
``ddots produces a diagonal ellipsis . . . (math
mode).
``deg is deg (math mode).
``delta is ffi. ``Delta is \Delta (math mode).
``det is det (math mode).
``diamond is \Pi. ``Diamond is 3 (both math mode).
``diamondsuit is � (math mode).
``dim is dim (math mode).
``displaystyle switches to displaymath or
equation environment typesetting (math
mode).
``div is \Xi (math mode).
``documentstyle[substy]--sty� determines
default font, headings, etc., for document of
style sty (and optional substyle substy).
Styles: article, book, letter, report,
slides. Substyles: 11pt, 12pt, acm, draft,
fleqn, leqno, twocolumn, twoside.
``dot makes a dot over a letter: �
a (math mode).
``doteq is :
= (math mode).
``dotfill expands to fill horizontal space with
row of dots.
``doublerulesep --- horizontal distance between
vertical rules created by ------ in tabular or
array environment.
``downarrow is #. ``Downarrow is + (math mode).
``ell is ` (math mode).
``em toggles between roman and italic fonts for
emphasis.
``emptyset is ; (math mode).
``encl--text� declares a list of enclosures for
letter document style.
``end--environment� ends an environment begun
by ``begin--environment� (q.v.).
``epsilon is ffl (math mode).
``equiv is j (math mode).
``eta is j (math mode).
``evensidemargin --- distance between left side of
page and text's normal left margin, for
even�numbered pages in two�sided printing.
``exists is 9 (math mode).
``exp is exp (math mode).
``fbox--text� makes a framed box around text.
``fboxrule --- thickness of ruled frame for ``fbox
and ``framebox.
``fboxsep --- space between frame and text for
``fbox and ``framebox.
``fill --- rubber length (glue) that can stretch to
arbitrary length. Usually used to justify text a
particular way.
``flat is [ (math mode).
``floatpagefraction --- minimum fraction of a
float page occupied by floats.
``floatsep --- distance between floats that appear
at the top or bottom of a text page.
``flushbottom causes pages to be stretched to
``textheight.
``fnsymbol--counter� prints counter as one of
the set of ``footnote symbols''. counter must
be less than 10.

November 13, 1998 5
``footheight --- height of box at bottom of page
that holds page number.
``footnote--text� creates a footnote of text.
``footnotemark puts a footnote number into the
text.
``footnotesep --- height of strut placed at
beginning of footnote.
``footnotesize switches to footnote�sized type.
``footskip --- vertical distance between bottom of
last line of text and bottom of page footing.
``footnotetext--text� specifies the text for a
footnote which was indicated by a
``footnotemark.
``forall is 8 (math mode).
``frac--numerator�--denominator� produces a
fraction in math environments.
``frame--text� makes a framed (outlined) box
around text, with no margin between the text
and the frame.
``framebox[size][pos]--text� produces a
framed box of dimension size containing
text, optionally positioned l or r.
In picture environment,
``framebox(width,height)[pos]--text�
creates a rectangle around text; dimensions of
rectangle are width and height; text is
positioned at optional pos (see positions on
page 8).
``frown is � (math mode).
``fussy is the default declaration for the
line�breaking algorithm (cf. ``sloppy).
``gamma is fl. ``Gamma is \Gamma (math mode).
``gcd is gcd (math mode).
``ge is � (math mode).
``geq is � (math mode).
``gets is / (math mode).
``gg is AE (math mode).
``glossary--text� appends text to the .glo file
by writing a ``glossaryentry command.
``glossaryentry--text�--ref� is written to the
.glo file for ``glossary--text� occurring at
reference ref.
``grave makes a grave accent: `
a (math mode).
``H prints a long Hungarian umlaut, as �o.
``hat makes a circumflex: � a (math mode).
``hbar is �h (math mode).
``headheight --- height of box at top of page that
holds running head.
``headsep --- vertical distance between bottom of
head and top of text.
``heartsuit is ~ (math mode).
``hfill is ``hspace--``fill� (cf. ``fill).
``hline draws a horizontal line across all columns
of a tabular or array environment.
``hom is hom (math mode).
``hookleftarrow is /� (math mode).
``hookrightarrow is ,! (math mode).
``hrulefill expands to fill horizontal space with
horizontal rule.
``hspace--len� leaves a horizontal space of
dimension len.
``hspace*--len� is like ``hspace--len� but space is
not removed at the beginning or end of a line.
``huge switches to a very large typeface. ``Huge is
even bigger.
``hyphenation--wordlist� declares hyphenation
as indicated; wordlist contains words
separated by spaces, with hyphens indicated
(e.g. ``aard�vark cal�i�bra�tion'').
``i is i.
``iff is () (math mode).
``Im is = (math mode).
``imath is -- (math mode).
``in is 2 (math mode).
``include--filename� brings in filename text at
that point.
``includeonly--file1,file2,...� limits
recognition of ``include files.
``index--text� appends text to the .idx file by
writing an ``indexentry command.
``indexentry--text�--ref� is written to the .idx
file for ``index--text� occurring at reference
ref.
``indexspace puts blank space before first index
entry starting with a new letter.
``inf is inf (math mode).
``infty is 1 (math mode).
``input--file� brings in text from file.tex at
that point.
``int is
R (math mode).
``intextsep --- vertical space placed above and
below float in middle of text.
``iota is ' (math mode).
``it switches to Italic type.
``item[text] indicates a list entry. text is
optional, used in description environment.

6 L A T E X Command Summary
``itemindent --- extra indentation before label in
list item. Default is 0mm.
``itemsep --- vertical space between successive list
items.
``j is j.
``jmath is --- (math mode).
``Join is 1 (math mode).
``kappa is � (math mode).
``ker is ker (math mode).
``kill --- in a ``tabbing environment, deletes
previous line so tabs can be set without
outputting text.
``l is /l. ``L is / L.
``label--text� provides a reference point that is
accessed with ``ref--text� or ``pageref--text�.
``labelwidth --- width of box containing list item
label.
``labelsep --- space between box containing list
item label and text of the item.
``lambda is �. ``Lambda is \Lambda (math mode).
``land is � (math mode).
``langle is h (math mode).
``large, ``Large, and ``LARGE switch to
successively larger than ``normalsize type
sizes.
``LaTeX produces the L A T E X logo.
``lbrace is f (math mode).
``lbrack is [ (math mode).
``lceil is d (math mode).
``ldots makes three dots at the base of the line:
. . . (cf. ``cdots).
``le is � (math mode).
``leadsto is ; (math mode).
``left* (where * is a delimiter) must be paired
with ``right* (not necessarily using the same
delimiter). `.' acts as a null delimiter (math
mode).
``leftarrow is /. ``Leftarrow is ( (math
mode).
``lefteqn--formula� is used in the eqnarray
environment to break a long formula across
lines.
``leftharpoondown is ) (math mode).
``leftharpoonup is ( (math mode).
``leftmargin, in list environment, horizontal
distance between left margin of enclosing
environment and left margin of list. Settable
for nesting levels 1 through 6, as ``leftmargini
through ``leftmarginvi.
``leftrightarrow is $. ``Leftrightarrow is ,
(math mode).
``leq is � (math mode).
``lfloor is b (math mode).
``lg is lg (math mode).
``lhd is \Delta (math mode).
``lim is lim (math mode).
``liminf is lim inf (math mode).
``limsup is lim sup (math mode).
``line(x,y)--len� in picture environment, in
``put command, draws line from ``put argument
with length len and slope (x,y).
``linebreak[n] forces a line to break exactly at
this point, and adjusts line just terminated (cf.
newline). n is optional: 0 is an optional break,
4 is a mandatory break, 1, 2 and 3 are
intermediate levels of insistence.
``linethickness--dimen� sets the thickness for all
lines in a picture.
``linewidth is the width of the current line in a
paragraph.
``listoffigures begins a list of figures with
heading.
``listoftables begins a list of tables with
heading.
``listparindent --- extra indentation added to
first line of every paragraph of an item after the
first, in list environment.
``ll is � (math mode).
``ln is ln (math mode).
``lnot is : (math mode).
``log is log (math mode).
``longleftarrow is /\Gamma. ``Longleftarrow is (=
(math mode).
``longleftrightarrow is /!.
``Longleftrightarrow is () (math mode).
``longmapsto is 7\Gamma! (math mode).
``longrightarrow is \Gamma!. ``Longrightarrow is
=) (math mode).
``lor is � (math mode).
``lq is a left�quote: `.
``makebox[size][pos]--text� creates a box of
dimension size containing text at optional
pos. ``makebox(width,height)[pos]--text�
puts text in a box; dimensions of box are
width and height; text is positioned at
optional pos (see positions on page 8).
``makeglossary enables writing of
``glossaryentry commands to a .glo file.

November 13, 1998 7
``makeindex enables writing of ``indexentry
commands to a .idx file.
``maketitle produces a title with ``title,
``author, and, optionally, ``date.
``mapsto is 7! (math mode).
``marginpar--text� puts text in the margin as a
note.
``marginparpush --- minimum amount of vertical
space between two marginal notes.
``marginparsep --- horizontal space between
margin and marginal note.
``marginparwidth --- width of a marginal note.
``markboth--lhd�--rhd� defines the left�hand
heading lhd and the right�hand heading rhd for
the headings and myheadings page styles.
``markright--rhd� defines the right�hand heading
rhd for the headings and myheadings page
styles.
``max is max (math mode).
``mbox--text� places text into a horizontal box.
``medskip --- standard ``medium'' vertical skip.
``medskipamount --- default length for ``medskip.
``mho is 0 (math mode).
``mid is j (math mode).
``min is min (math mode).
``mit is ``math italic'' as in \Pi (math mode).
``models is j= (math mode).
``month --- current month of the year.
``mp is \Upsilon (math mode).
``mu is � (math mode).
``multicolumn--noc�--fmt�--text� in tabular
environment puts text across noc columns
using positioning format fmt (c, r, l, and/or ---).
``multiput(x; y)(\Deltax; \Deltay)--n�--obj� is
``put(x; y)--obj�
``put(x + \Deltax; y + \Deltay)--obj�
\Delta \Delta \Delta
``put(x + (n \Gamma 1)\Deltax; y + (n \Gamma 1)\Deltay)--obj�.
``nabla is r (math mode).
``natural is `` (math mode).
``ne is 6= (math mode).
``nearrow is % (math mode).
``neg is : (math mode).
``neq is 6= (math mode).
``newcommand--``cs�[narg]--def� defines a new
control sequence ``cs with definition def.
Optionally, narg is the number of arguments,
indicated in def as #1, #2, etc.
``newcounter--counter�[name] defines a counter
optionally to be zeroed whenever the name
counter is incremented.
``newenvironment--envname�[narg]--def1�--def2�
defines a new environment, optionally with
some number of arguments narg. def1 is
executed when the environment in entered and
def2 is executed when it is exited.
``newfont--cs�--name� defines a control sequence
``cs that chooses the font name.
``newlength--``nl� sets up ``nl as a length of 0in.
See also ``setlength, ``addtolength,
``settowidth.
``newline breaks a line right where it is, with no
stretching of terminated line (cf. ``linebreak).
``newpage ends a page where it appears. (cf.
``clearpage).
``newsavebox--``binname� declares a new bin to
hold a ``savebox.
``newtheorem--env�[env2]--label�[sectyp]
defines a new theorem environment env
(optionally with the same numbering scheme as
environment env2) with labels label.
Optionally, theorem numbers can be related to
document section sectyp.
``ni is 3 (math mode).
``nofiles suppresses writing of auxiliary files
.idx, .toc, etc.
``noindent suppresses indentation of first line of
paragraph.
``nolinebreak[n] prevents a line break at that
point (cf. ``linebreak on page 6).
``nonumber is used in an eqnarray environment to
suppress equation numbering.
``nopagebreak[n] prevents a page break at that
point (cf. ``linebreak on page 6).
``normalmarginpar is default declaration for
placement of marginal notes (cf.
``reversemarginpar).
``normalsize is the default type size for the
document.
``not puts a slash through a relational operator:
``not= is 6= (math mode).
``notin is =
2 (math mode).
``nu is � (math mode).
``nwarrow is � (math mode).
``o is �. ``O is �.
``obeycr makes embedded carriage returns act
like line terminators.

8 L A T E X Command Summary
``oddsidemargin --- distance between left side of
page and text's normal left margin.
``odot is fi (math mode).
``oe is oe. ``OE is OE.
``oint is
H (math mode).
``omega is !. ``Omega
is\Omega (math mode).
``ominus is \Psi (math mode).
``onecolumn sets text in single column (default)
(cf. ``twocolumn.
``opening--text� declares an opening for letter
document style.
``oplus is \Phi (math mode).
``oslash is ff (math mode).
``otimes
is\Omega (math mode).
``oval(x,y) as an argument to ``put draws an
oval x units wide and y units high.
``overbrace--text� gives
z�-----
text (math mode).
``overline--text� gives text (math mode).
``owns is 3 (math mode).
``P is --.
``pagebreak[n] forces a page break at that point
(cf. ``linebreak on page 6).
``pagenumbering--style� determines page
number style; style may be arabic (3), roman
(iii), Roman (III), alph (c), Alph (C).
``pageref--text� is the page number on which
``label--text� occurs.
``pagestyle--sty� determines characteristics of a
page's head and foot. sty may be plain (page
number only), empty (no page number),
headings (running headings on each page),
myheadings (user headings).
``paragraph[toctitle]--text� begins a new
paragraph, automatically headed and
numbered. Optional toctitle contains entry
for the table of contents if different from text.
``paragraph*--text� begins a paragraph and
prints a title, but doesn't include a number or
make a table of contents entry.
``parallel is k (math mode).
``parbox[pos]--size�--text� is a box created in
paragraph mode. text is positioned optionally
at pos (see positions on page 8). Width is
size.
``parindent --- horizontal indentation added at
beginning of paragraph.
``parsep --- extra vertical space between
paragraphs within a list item.
``parskip --- extra vertical space between
paragraphs, normally.
``part[toctitle]--text� begins a new part,
automatically headed and numbered. Optional
toctitle contains entry for the table of
contents if different from text.
``part*--text� begins a part and prints a title,
but doesn't include a number or make a table
of contents entry.
``partial is @ (math mode).
``partopsep --- extra vertical space added before
first list item if environment starts a new
paragraph.
``perp is ? (math mode).
``phi is OE. ``Phi is \Phi (math mode).
``pi is �. ``Pi is \Pi (math mode).
``pm is \Sigma (math mode).
``pmod--modulus� is ``parenthesized'' modulo
expression u (mod 2 e j \Gamma 1) (math mode).
``poptabs undoes the previous ``pushtabs
command (restore prior tab settings).
positions, for boxing commands: t=top,
b=bottom, h=here, l=left, c=center, r=right,
p=new page (figure environment), p=parbox
(tabular environment).
``pounds is $.
``Pr is Pr (math mode).
``prec is OE (math mode).
``preceq is � (math mode).
``prime is 0 (math mode).
``prod is
Q (math mode).
``propto is / (math mode).
``protect permits the use of ``dangerous''
commands in @�expressions, or in sectioning
command and ``caption arguments.
``ps in letter document style permits additional
text after ``closing.
``psi is /. ``Psi is \Psi (math mode).
``pushtabs in tabbing environment lets you stack
tab stop definitions. Undo with ``poptabs.
``put(x,y)--stuff� is the basic picture�drawing
command. (x,y) is the reference point, whose
meaning varies for different stuff. stuff may
be anything that goes in an ``mbox.
``raggedbottom causes pages to assume natural
height.
``raggedleft declares all text that follows is to be
flush against the right margin (cf.
``begin--flushright�).

November 13, 1998 9
``raggedright declares all text that follows is to
be flush against the left margin (cf.
``begin--flushleft�).
``raisebox--dim�[d2][d3]--text� moves text up
by dim (which may be negative). Optional d2
makes system think that text extends d2 above
the baseline (and optionally d3 below it).
``rangle is i (math mode).
``rbrace is g (math mode).
``rbrack is ] (math mode).
``rceil is e (math mode).
``Re is ! (math mode).
``ref--text� is the section number in which
``label--text� occurs.
``renewcommand--``cs�[narg]--def� redefines an
existing control sequence ``cs with definition
def. Optionally, narg is the number of
arguments, indicated in def as #1, #2, etc.
``renewenvironment--envname�[narg]--def1�--def2�
redefines an existing environment. See
``newenvironment.
``restorecr undoes the ``obeycr command
(makes carriage return a space�producing
character).
``reversemarginpar causes opposite margin to be
used for marginal notes (e.g., left margin on
odd�numbered pages).
``rfloor is c (math mode).
``rhd is \Lambda (math mode).
``rho is ae (math mode).
``right* (where * is a delimiter) must be paired
with ``left* (not necessarily using the same
delimiter). `.' acts as a null delimiter (math
mode).
``rightarrow is !. ``Rightarrow is ) (math
mode).
``rightharpoondown is + (math mode).
``rightharpoonup is * (math mode).
``rightleftharpoons is * ) (math mode).
``rightmargin --- in list environment, horizontal
distance between right margin of enclosing
environment and right margin of list. Default
0in.
``rm switches to Roman type.
``roman--counter� prints counter in lower�case
roman numerals. ``Roman--counter� prints
upper�case roman numerals.
``rq is a right�quote: '.
``rule[height]--length�--width� makes a
rectangular blob of ink length long, width
wide, with optional height above baseline.
``S is x.
``savebox--``binname�[width][pos]--text� is
exactly like ``makebox (q.v.), but saves box
definition in bin ``binname. Access with
``usebox--``binname�.
``sbox--``binname�--text� saves text in box
``binname (see ``savebox, above).
``sc switches to caps and small caps font.
``scriptsize switches subscript size type.
``scriptstyle switches to sub� or
superscript�sized typesetting.
``scriptscriptstyle switches to second�level
(very small) sub� or superscript�sized
typesetting (math mode).
``searrow is & (math mode).
``sec is sec (math mode).
``section[toctitle]--text� begins a new
section, automatically headed and numbered.
Optional toctitle contains entry for the table
of contents if different from text.
``section*--text� begins a section, prints a title,
but doesn't include a number or make a table
of contents entry.
``setcounter--counter�--value� resets the value
of counter.
``setlength--``nl�--length� sets value of length
command ``nl to length. See also
``addtolength, ``newlength, ``settowidth.
``setminus is n (math mode).
``settowidth--``nl�--text� sets value of length
command ``nl to the width of text. See also
``setlength, ``newlength, ``addtolength.
``sf switches to sans serif font.
``sharp is ] (math mode).
``shortstack[pos]--x````yy````zzz� yields
x
yy
zzz, a
one�column tabular arrangement of its
arguments. Optional pos can be l or r for text
position.
``sigma is oe. ``Sigma is \Sigma (math mode).
``signature--text� declares a signature for
letter document style.
``sim is � (math mode).
``simeq is ' (math mode).
``sin is sin (math mode).
``sinh is sinh (math mode).

10 L A T E X Command Summary
``sl switches to slanted typeface.
``sloppy relaxes the line�breaking algorithm to
allow more or less distance between words.
Default is ``fussy.
``small switches to smaller than normalsize
typeface.
``smallint is s (math mode).
``smallskip --- standard ``small'' vertical skip.
``smallskipamount --- default length for
``smallskip.
``smile is � (math mode).
``spadesuit is � (math mode).
``sqcap is u (math mode).
``sqcup is t (math mode).
``sqrt[3]--arg� is 3
p arg. 3 (root) is optional.
``sqsubset is ! (math mode).
``sqsubseteq is v (math mode).
``sqsupset is = (math mode).
``sqsupseteq is w (math mode).
``ss is �.
``stackrel--stuff�--delim� puts stuff above the
delimiter; ``stackrel--f�--``longrightarrow�
yields f
\Gamma! (math mode).
``star is ? (math mode).
``stop --- type this if T E X stops with a * and no
error message.
``subparagraph[toctitle]--text� begins a
subparagraphs, automatically headed and
numbered. Optional toctitle contains entry
for the table of contents if different from text.
``subparagraph*--text� begins a subparagraph
and prints a title, but doesn't include a number
or make a table of contents entry.
``subsection[toctitle]--text�,
``subsubsection[toctitle]--text� begin new
subsections, automatically headed and
numbered. Optional toctitle contains entry
for the table of contents if different from text.
``subsection*--text�, ``subsubsection*--text�
begin subsections, but suppress section number
and table of contents entry.
``subset is ae (math mode).
``subseteq is ` (math mode).
``succ is � (math mode).
``succeq is � (math mode).
``sum is
P (math mode).
``sup is sup (math mode).
``supset is oe (math mode).
``supseteq is ' (math mode).
``surd is p
(math mode).
``swarrow is . (math mode).
``symbol--cc� produces the symbol (glyph)
character code cc in the current font.
``t prints a ``tie�after'' accent, as �oo.
``tabbingsep --- distance to left of a tab stop
moved by ``'.
``tabcolsep --- half the width of the space
between columns in tabular environment.
``tableofcontents produces a table of contents.
A .toc file must have been generated during a
previous L A T E X run.
``tan is tan (math mode).
``tanh is tanh (math mode).
``tau is � (math mode).
``TeX produces the T E X logo.
``textfloatsep --- distance between floats at the
top or bottom of a single�column page and the
text on that page.
``textfraction --- minimum fraction of a text
page that must contain text.
``textheight is the normal vertical dimension of
the body of the page.
``textstyle switches to math environment
typesetting (math mode).
``textwidth is the normal horizontal dimension of
the body of the page.
``thanks--footnote� adds an acknowledgement
footnote to an author's name used in a
``maketitle command.
``theta is `. ``Theta is \Theta (math mode).
``thicklines is an alternate line thickness for
lines in a picture environment. See also
linethickness.
``thinlines is the default declaration for line
thicknesses in a picture environment. See
``thicklines.
``thinspace is the proper space between single
and double quotes, as in ' ''.
``thispagestyle--sty� determines characteristics
of head and foot for the current page only. Used
to override ``pagestyle (q.v.) temporarily.
``tilde makes a tilde, as: ~ a (math mode).
``times is \Theta (math mode).
``tiny switches to a very small typeface.
``title--text� declares a document title for the
``maketitle command.
``to is ! (math mode).

November 13, 1998 11
``today generates today's date.
``top is ? (math mode).
``topfraction --- maximum fraction at the top of
a single�column page that may be occupied by
floats.
``topmargin --- space between top of T E X page (1
inch from top of paper) and top of header.
``topsep --- extra vertical space added before first
list item and after last list item.
``topskip --- minimum distance between top of
page body to bottom of first line of text.
``triangle is 4 (math mode).
``triangleleft is / (math mode).
``triangleright is . (math mode).
``tt switches to typewriter type.
``twocolumn[text] declares a two�column page,
with optional full�page width heading text.
``typein[``cs]--text� displays text on the screen
and waits for you to enter stuff which will be
put in the document at that point. Optional
control sequence ``cs can be assigned the value
of your input, to be used later.
``typeout--text� displays text on the screen and
writes it to the .lis file.
``u prints a breve accent, as �o.
``unboldmath unemboldens math italics and math
symbols. Should be used outside of math mode.
``underbrace--text� gives text -----z� (math mode).
``underline--text� gives text (math mode or
not).
``unitlength --- length of coordinate units for
picture environment.
``unlhd is \Theta (math mode).
``unrhd is \Xi (math mode).
``uparrow is ''. ``Uparrow is * (math mode).
``updownarrow is l. ``Updownarrow is m (math
mode).
``uplus is ] (math mode).
``upsilon is AE. ``Upsilon is \Upsilon (math mode).
``usebox--``binname� recalls box definition saved
in box ``binname.
``usecounter--counter� is used in a list
environment to cause counter to be used to
number the items.
``v prints a h'a�cek, as �o.
``value--counter� produces the numeric value of
counter.
``varepsilon is '' (math mode).
``varphi is ' (math mode).
``varpi is $ (math mode).
``varrho is % (math mode).
``varsigma is & (math mode).
``vartheta is # (math mode).
``vdash is ` (math mode).
``vdots is
. . . (math mode).
``vec puts a vector over a letter: ~a (math mode).
``vector(x,y)--len� in picture environment, in
``put command, draws vector from ``put
argument with length len and slope (x,y),
with arrowhead.
``vee is � (math mode).
``verb/text/ creates a local verbatim
environment for text, printed in typewriter
font. Note that text is not in curly braces; it is
between two identical delimiters, neither of
which appears in text.
``verb*/text/ is like ``verb/text/, but spaces
print out as /.
``vert is j. ``Vert is k (math mode).
``vfill is ``vspace--``fill� (cf. ``fill).
``vspace--len� leaves a vertical space of
dimension len.
``vspace*--len� is like ``vspace--len� but space is
not removed at the beginning or end of a page.
``wedge is � (math mode).
``widehat--arg� is d arg (math mode).
``widetilde--arg� is g
arg (math mode).
``wp is � (math mode).
``wr is o (math mode).
``xi is �. ``Xi is \Xi (math mode).
``year --- current year (A.D.).
``zeta is i (math mode).

12 L A T E X Command Summary
L A T E X typefaces
``rm Roman
``it Italic
``bf Boldface
``sl Slanted
``sf Sans serif
``sc Small Caps
``tt Typewriter
Dimensions or lengths
pt point (72.27 pt/in)
pc pica (12 pt/pc)
in inch
bp big point (72 bp/in)
cm centimeter (2.54 cm/in)
mm millimeter (10 mm/cm)
dd did�ot point (1157 dd = 1238 pt)
cc cicero (12 dd/cc)
sp scaled point (65536 sp/pt)
em font�dependent; ``quad'' width
ex font�dependent; ``x''�height
L A T E X environments
abstract figure quote
array flushleft tabbing
center flushright table
description itemize tabular
displaymath list theorem
enumerate math titlepage
eqnarray minipage verbatim
equation picture verse
quotation
Text�mode accents
`o ```--o� �o ``=--o� �oo ``t--oo�
'o ``'--o� �
o ``.--o� �
o ``c--o�
�o ``�--o� �o ``u--o� o . ``d--o�
�o ``''--o� �o ``v--o� o
� ``b--o�
~o ``~--o� �o ``H--o�
National symbols
oe ``oe �a ``aa /l ``l
OE ``OE � A ``AA /
L ``L
ae ``ae � ``o � ``ss
AE ``AE � ``O
Miscellaneous symbols
y ``dag x ``S c
fl ``copyright
z ``ddag -- ``P $ ``pounds
Math�mode accents
� a ``hat--a� �
a ``dot--a�
� a ``check--a� � a ``ddot--a�
~ a ``tilde--a� � a ``breve--a�
' a ``acute--a� � a ``bar--a�
` a ``grave--a� ~a ``vec--a�
Greek letters (math mode)
ff ``alpha � ``nu
fi ``beta � ``xi
fl ``gamma o o
ffi ``delta � ``pi
ffl ``epsilon ae ``rho
i ``zeta oe ``sigma
j ``eta � ``tau
` ``theta AE ``upsilon
' ``iota OE ``phi
� ``kappa � ``chi
� ``lambda / ``psi
� ``mu ! ``omega
'' ``varepsilon & ``varsigma
# ``vartheta ' ``varphi
% ``varrho
\Gamma ``Gamma \Sigma ``Sigma
\Delta ``Delta \Upsilon ``Upsilon
\Theta ``Theta \Phi ``Phi
\Lambda ``Lambda \Psi ``Psi
\Xi ``Xi
\Omega ``Omega
\Pi ``Pi

November 13, 1998 13
Binary operations (math mode)
\Sigma ``pm `` ``cap
\Upsilon ``mp [ ``cup
n ``setminus ] ``uplus
\Delta ``cdot u ``sqcap
\Theta ``times t ``sqcup
\Lambda ``ast / ``triangleleft
? ``star . ``triangleright
\Pi ``diamond o ``wr
ffi ``circ fl ``bigcirc
ffl ``bullet 4 ``bigtriangleup
\Xi ``div 5 ``bigtriangledown
\Delta ``lhd \Lambda ``rhd
� ``vee fi ``odot
� ``wedge y ``dagger
\Phi ``oplus z ``ddagger
\Psi ``ominus q ``amalg
\Omega ``otimes \Theta ``unlhd
ff ``oslash \Xi ``unrhd
Relations (math mode)
� ``leq � ``geq
OE ``prec � ``succ
� ``preceq � ``succeq
� ``ll AE ``gg
ae ``subset oe ``supset
` ``subseteq ' ``supseteq
! ``sqsubset = ``sqsupset
v ``sqsubseteq w ``sqsupseteq
2 ``in 3 ``ni
` ``vdash a ``dashv
� ``smile j ``mid
� ``frown k ``parallel
6= ``neq ? ``perp
j ``equiv � = ``cong
� ``sim ./ ``bowtie
' ``simeq / ``propto
i ``asymp j= ``models
� ``approx
:
= ``doteq
1 ``Join
Variable�sized symbols (math mode)
P X
``sum
T ``
``bigcap
Q Y
``prod
S [
``bigcup
` a
``coprod
F G
``bigsqcup
R Z
``int
W �
``bigvee
H I
``oint
V �
``bigwedge
J K
``bigodot
N O
``bigotimes
L M
``bigoplus
U ]
``biguplus
Delimiters (math mode)
( ( ) )
[ [ ] ]
f ``-- g ``�
b ``lfloor c ``rfloor
d ``lceil e ``rceil
h ``langle i ``rangle
= / n ``backslash
j ``vert k ``Vert
'' ``uparrow * ``Uparrow
# ``downarrow + ``Downarrow
l ``updownarrow m ``Updownarrow
``Log�like'' functions (math mode)
``arccos ``csc ``ker ``min
``arcsin ``deg ``lg ``Pr
``arctan ``det ``lim ``sec
``arg ``dim ``liminf ``sin
``cos ``exp ``limsup ``sinh
``cosh ``gcd ``ln ``sup
``cot ``hom ``log ``tan
``coth ``inf ``max ``tanh

14 L A T E X Command Summary
Arrows (math mode)
/ ``leftarrow /\Gamma ``longleftarrow
( ``Leftarrow (= ``Longleftarrow
! ``rightarrow \Gamma! ``longrightarrow
) ``Rightarrow =) ``Longrightarrow
$ ``leftrightarrow /! ``longleftrightarrow
, ``Leftrightarrow () ``Longleftrightarrow
7! ``mapsto 7\Gamma! ``longmapsto
/� ``hookleftarrow ,! ``hookrightarrow
( ``leftharpoonup * ``rightharpoonup
) ``leftharpoondown + ``rightharpoondown
* ) ``rightleftharpoons ; ``leadsto
'' ``uparrow m ``Updownarrow
* ``Uparrow % ``nearrow
# ``downarrow & ``searrow
+ ``Downarrow . ``swarrow
l ``updownarrow � ``nwarrow
Miscellaneous symbols (math mode)
@ ``aleph 0 ``prime
�h ``hbar ; ``emptyset
-- ``imath r ``nabla
--- ``jmath
p
``surd
` ``ell ? ``top
� ``wp ? ``bot
! ``Re k ``---
= ``Im
6 ``angle
@ ``partial 4 ``triangle
1 ``infty n ``backslash
2 ``Box 3 ``Diamond
8 ``forall ] ``sharp
9 ``exists --- ``clubsuit
: ``neg � ``diamondsuit
[ ``flat ~ ``heartsuit
`` ``natural � ``spadesuit
0 ``mho