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M. Lindqvist and J.H. Black Onsala Space Observatory, S-439 92 Onsala, Sweden, Email: michael@oso.chalmers.se, jblack@oso.chalmers.se
Preliminary results are reported for high-resolution imaging of parts of the Orion Bar. Data have been obtained through a variety of filters with the Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) on Hubble Space Telescope. One striking feature is a small source of almost pure H2 line emission, which is located near one of the compact sources in Orion reported by O'Dell and collaborators (HST-18 = 203-504). We suggest how some physical properties may be inferred from narrow-band fluxes.
H-H objects, Proplyds, Orion Bar, H2
Molecular hydrogen ()
emits strong near-infrared lines, both in
regions where it is thermally excited at high temperatures (T>1000
K, e.g. in molecular shocks), and in the illuminated boundaries of molecular
clouds (photon-dominated regions or PDRs) where it is excited by UV pumping.
In the case of UV fluorescence, when the illuminating radiation is fairly
uniform, observed fluctuations in the
line intensity will trace
fluctuations in density and column density in the boundary layer of the
molecular cloud. This was one of our motivations in obtaining high-resolution
images of H2 emission in the Orion Bar with NICMOS. The Orion Bar is
the visible ionization boundary of the Orion Nebula, southeast of the
Trapezium. It is a well studied example of a Photon-Dominated Region (PDR)
where the boundary of a molecular cloud is illuminated by intense ultraviolet
radiation from hot stars (Hogerheijde et al. 1995, Jansen et al. 1995).
Direct observations of the excited H2 emission with
resolution offer the possibility to trace the small-scale structure of
such a boundary region.
The Orion Bar region also harbors Herbig-Haro objects, notably H-H 203 and H-H 204 (also known as M42 H-H 3 and H-H 4, respectively) and some of the compact sources and proplyds identified by O'Dell and collaborators (O'Dell, Wen & Hu 1993; O'Dell & Wen 1994).
We obtained a series of images across the bright rim of the Orion Bar near
the peaks of mm-wave molecular line emission
with NICMOS cameras 1-3 (NIC1, NIC2, NIC3) in
several filters on 1998 February 18. Only preliminary results from NIC2 are
discussed here. The NIC2 camera has a field of view
of
and a plate
scale of
pixel-1 (Thompson et al. 1998).
Images were obtained in two narrow-band (1% resolution) filters,
F212N (centered on the H2 v=1-0 S(1) line) and F215N
(line-free continuum for thermal emission), as well as in two medium-band
filters, F171M, and F180M.
The data have been reduced through the pipeline processing with the CALNICA software, which carries out the subtraction of dark current, flat-fielding, and linearity corrections. Multiple exposures have been combined in a mosaic by further processing with CALNICB software.
The full mosaic in filters F212N and F215N shows that the Bar region is
threaded by a complicated pattern of thin filaments, clearly highlighted
by their H2 line emission. When the excitation of the H2 vibration-rotation
spectrum is near-thermal at high temperatures (
K), the contrast
in flux between F212N and F215N images should be quite high. When the
excitation is caused by ultraviolet fluorescence at relatively low densities
(
cm-3), strong lines appear in both bands and
the contrast is not so large (see §3 below). Where the extended emission shows
up in both bands, it is likely that fluorescence makes a large contribution to
the observed emission. The appearance and interpretation of the extended emission
will be discussed in more detail elsewhere.
We focus here on a very striking feature of the narrow-band images. There is
a very compact source which shows up conspicuously in the F212N image but is
nearly undetected in the F215N image. It is located
from a much
brighter stellar source, which has equal brightness in the two narrow-band
filters. This stellar source coincides with the compact source HST 18 discovered
by O'Dell, Wen & Hu (1993) in their WF/PC survey of the Orion Nebula region.
Although many of the compact sources in that work were identified as
``proplyds'' (= protoplanetary disks), this particular object was considered
unlikely to be of the proplyd type, possibly an H-H object instead.
In the subsequent study of proplyds (O'Dell & Wen 1994), this source was
given the designation 203-504 and was listed as associated with a variable
star, number 644 (far-red magnitude I=13.5), in the catalogue of Jones and
Walker (1988).
The image containing this star and our H2-emitting condensation is shown
as a contour diagram in Fig. 1. The infrared image of the star
is evidently unresolved (
diameter FWHM), while the H2
condensation is extended (
FWHM) in F212N. Close
inspection of a WF/PC narrow-band image in H
shows that the H2
condensation coincides with a small, dark area in the bright emission, but
the contrast is not high. The fluxes of the
star in the two narrow-band filters are equal, approximately 7.0 mJy, which
corresponds to a K magnitude of approximately 12.5. In F212N, the integrated
flux corresponds to a surface brightness (over
)
of
erg s-1 cm-2 sr-1. The marginally
detected source at the position of the H2 condensation in F215N is
consistent with a point source at K=18.0 mag. The ratio of integrated
fluxes
f212/f215=24. In F171M, we measure a weak source at the
H2 position, which is not obviously extended.
The ratio of integrated fluxes, corrected for bandwidth, is
f212/f171=4.6.
Proplyds are seen as dark silhouettes in projection against the Orion
Nebula and are believed to be circumstellar disks.
NICMOS observations of several proplyds in Orion
have recently been discussed in several papers (Chen et al. 1998;
McCaughrean et al. 1998; Stolovy et al. 1998).
Although O'Dell et al. 1993 suggested that HST 18 is probably not of
the proplyd form, it is interesting that it appears to be associated
with the compact source of H2 emission that we have found. The
evidence of an association consists of (1) the small angular offset and
(2) the extension of H2 emission contours along an axis directed
away from the star HST 18. At the distance of Orion KL, d=480 pc
(Genzel et al. 1981), the angular distance between the star and the
H2 condensation corresponds to 770 AU in projection on the sky. The
angular extent of the H2 emission, ,
corresponds to
220 AU (
cm).
In fact, O'Dell and Wen (1994) proposed that HST 18 is an Herbig-Haro (H-H)
object. H-H objects are collisionally excited nebulae produced by supersonic
outflows ejected by young stellar objects (YSOs). Although HST 18 shows
H
and [N II] line emission based on the WF/PC images, our infrared
images of that source appear stellar. The suggestion of an H-H object
does not seem compelling. It is impossible to decide whether
the compact source of H2 emission nearby is excited by a shock or by
some other thermal process without a spectrum. However, the flux ratios
in the narrow-band images can distinguish between pure fluorescent emission
and some form of thermal excitation. We have computed thermal emission
spectra of H2 at temperatures T=1000, 2000, and 3000 K, and
convolved these with the NICMOS filter response functions. The predicted
flux ratios at these three temperatures are
f212/f215 = 950, 43, and
15, respectively. The flux ratio in a typical fluorescence spectrum
(cf. Black & van Dishoeck 1987) is
f212/f215 = 2.7. The observed
ratio of integrated fluxes,
,
is thus inconsistent
with pure fluorescence; it would imply a temperature
K for
fully thermal emission. There is a large number of H2 lines within the
bandpass of the F171M filter. The observed, bandwidth-corrected ratio of
integrated fluxes
f212/f171=4.6 is in harmony with thermal emission
at
1500 < T < 2400 K. The corresponding value of the ratio predicted for pure
fluorescence is 0.84. As shown by Sternberg & Dalgarno (1989), UV-pumping
of H2 emission produces a spectrum more like the thermal spectrum, when
the density is high enough that the excited H2 is partly de-excited by
collisions (i.e. partly thermalized). The position of our H2 condensation
is close to one of the peaks of emission in the C 65
and C 91
recombination lines, which trace the density of the PDR that is maintained
by the light of the Trapezium stars (Wyrowski et al. 1997). The ambient
interstellar density in this direction is moderately high,
cm-5. Thus it is conceivable that the H2
emission arises in an even denser condensation in the PDR through partly
thermalized UV fluorescence. Spectroscopy will be needed to decide
definitively the nature of this source.
Chen et al. 1998 suggested that the
H2 emission from their circumstellar disks (proplyds) cannot be excited by
a mechanism internal to the source; they concluded that it is more
likely that the
is excited by UV fluorescence from one of the
hot stars nearby.
The observed flux ratios for our source are consistent with thermal emission at
K. The observed surface brightness of the H2 condensation
requires a column density of molecules
cm-2 thermalized at this temperature. Such a column density spread
over the small measured extent of the source corresponds to a total hydrogen
mass of only
g or 0.046 earth-masses. If nothing else,
this is an indication of the remarkable sensitivity of NICMOS to small
amounts of excited hydrogen.
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We gratefully acknowledge the efforts of the NICMOS Science Team over the years and of the NICMOS project staff at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and STScI. Our work is a part of the NICMOS/GTO science and has been generously supported by a contract through the University of Arizona.