Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://www.ssau.ru/files/education/metod_1/Borgest_Origins_and_Sources.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Thu Dec 18 15:48:00 2014 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Mon Apr 11 02:41:52 2016 Êîäèðîâêà: Ïîèñêîâûå ñëîâà: ñ ð ð ñ ñ ï ï ð ï ï ñ ñ ñ ð ð ð ð ð ï ï ð ð ð ï ï ð

The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Samara State Aerospace University (National Research University)

ORIGINS AND SOURCES OF ONTOLOGY OF DESIGNING

Recommended source

2011


Compiler: Borgest Nikolay M. Translated by: Borgest Diana N. Origins and Sources of Ontology of Designing = [Electronic resource] : Recommended source / The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Samara State Aerospace University; Compiler N. M. Borgest. - Electronic text (51kb). - Samara, 2011. - 1 CD-ROM.

The list of recommended resources on the subject «Ontology of Designing» is a part of postgraduate programmes which were developed based on using new educational technologies, resources and distance-learning systems for the Masters programme «Designing, construction and CALS-technologies in Aeronautical Engineering » for education direction 160100.68 «Aeronautical Engineering». Prepared by the Department of Aeronautical Engineering SSAU.

© Samara State Aerospace University, 2011

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Introduction Determining the range of reading is an important part of learning any discipline. To find an optimum between the scope of knowledge and the time of learning depends not only on the textbooks, the complexity of the discipline, etc, but also on student's interest, on the understanding of the importance of the subject in the future. The ability of a student to master, learn a particular subject and the time that he or she can physically spend on this discipline also influence. Of course, the curriculum based on general idea normalises the course content and the time for studying it. However, no one has been able to normalise our real abilities that are genetically and socially connected with our interests. Therefore, each student defines the "scope" for him or herself, based on the written above as well as on the access to information resour ces (libraries, bookstores, Internet, professors, classrooms and laboratories). Teaching practice showed that it is important to focus a student (especially a postgraduate) on the fundamental difference between higher education and the studying process at school. The mission of professor, showing the field where the fruit of knowledge ripens , is to indicate the shortest way to obtain the necessary knowledge for the profession. The professor only directs the student to the summit of knowledge providing a holistic view of the subject. The student should go to the top by him or herself. There is difficulty and at the same time satisfaction from the progress as well as strong muscles (i.e. brain) and confidence in achieving good results in studying and profession. Be bold and do not be lazy! Good luck

1. Publications review
Ontology of designing as a scientific direction is based on works and researches in various fields. Philosophy as a science of all sciences forms the methodological basis. Its main part, ontology, is transformed into engineering practice. Relatively new directions of philosophy such as philosophy of technology and philosophy of design significantly develop the scientific basis of the ontology of designing. The accumulated experience of mankind in engineering design, rapid development of automation of this activity as well as scientific and practical results achieved in the field of Artificial Intelligence, biology, sociology, nuclear physics, nanoscience, and others, open the doors in the unknown, the mystery and the magic of creativity, creation, move closer to understanding the essence. On one hand, the number of works that can be referred to ontology of designing is countless as the following directions of researches can be included: - Ontology and philosophy of technology; - General methods and principles of designing; - Methods of specific objects designing: various products, machinery, tools and systems;
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- Computer aided design, CAD, databases and CALS-technologies; - Knowledge bases and artificial intelligence systems; - Forecasting and planning, mathematical statistics and fuzzy se ts methods; - Decision making theory and operations research; - Ontology of production and logistics; - Criteria and technical and economic analysis, etc. On the other hand, there are no adequate monographs or textbooks on Ontology of Designing as the discipline has just been engendering. The manual "Automation of aircraft preliminary designing", published by the SSAU, contains a detailed analysis of works on design methods, CAD and artificial intelligence. An aircraft was considered as the object of designing. The works on development and improvement of designing methods including mathematical models of the object of designing are precursors to their automation. On one hand, generic methods covering general issues of designing are developed. On the other hand, these are individual methods directly related to the object under study (in this case, aircraft). Similarly, the second direction can be considered, in which CAD as an object of designing and object-oriented CAD are researched. The third section distinguish the works dealing with general issues of creation the expert systems based on artificial intelligence technology as well as with the use of this of this technology in computer-aided design of aircraft. Development of general methods and approaches to tech nical system design always attracts researchers. The works of such foreign authors as Jones, Hill, Dietrich, Wilde, and others can be mentioned. Their importance and value is in philosophical analysis and understanding all that relates to designing. Some works of local authors are also worth mentioning, such as the textbook on search designing methods by A.I.Polovinkin, V.P. Orlov's methodological guidelines, V.P.Bykov's textbook, Sheynin's theoretical studies, etc. The theory of designing is closely related to such disciplines as operations research and decision making theory. The works of E.S. Wentzel, O.I. Laricheva, N.N. Moyseeva, Rife and many others are widely known. As for works on methods of designing a specific object (e.g. an aircraft), this information can be found in textbooks written by leading professors of aviation universities (SSAU, MAI, and others). The main textbook on airplane design so far is the fundamental work of the authors of MAI, edited by S.M.Eger. No need to comment the world-famous E.Torenbeek's monograph translated in our country. Alongside with the textbooks of L.Nikolai, J.Roskam and published in 2010 Kumar Kandu's monograph, the book of the Dutch professor is the main one at American and Western European universities. A great tutorial on airplane design was written by former pilot of Air Force of Great Britain D. Stinton. The works on weight designing of V.M.Sheynin, in which abundant statistical data is presented and original methods to improve the reliability of weighted formulae are presented, are worth a mention. The works of O.K.Yugov on integration of airframe and its power plant parameters are widely known. The methods and aircraft design algorithms, developed in these and many other works, form the basis of methodological support of computer-aided aircraft design.
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Various issues related to CAD development are discussed in the scientific and educational literature. Higher education institutions, where a CAD course is taught, use their own textbooks, and usually have practical trainings using self -developed complexes, so-called CAD training and research. The actual number of the works in CAD/CAM abroad is endless. In turn, this defined the CAD "transition from quantity to quality". Artificial intelligence systems, expert systems in particular, are based on formalisms that model "human" reasoning and "human" way of acting. In many ways, logic, the ancient study, is the theoretical basis of this. Its apparatus expanded and modified with regard to high-tech and software, which allowed to create systems, referred to as intelligent. For a wide range of readers who are interested in artificial intelligence the works of D.A. Pospelov, a famous professor, might attract the attention. Reading any of these books could bring pleasure to the reader and prepare him or her to understand the methodological foundations of artificial intelligence systems. The fundamental books on artificial intelligence are the work of academician G.S.Pospelov's, a three-tome book on AI, a work of S.Russell and P. Norvig, a tentome book on knowledge engineering of Japanese specialists, books on expert systems, logic programming languages, and others. Real progress has been made using expert system technology in such fields as diagnosis, consulting and planning. As for designing field, the achievements are much more modest. A number of directions can be distinguished in the automation of preliminary aircraft design domain. One of them is related to the mutual penetrat ion of design stages into each other. This is an integration of the designing, the use of more "detailed" models on early stages of designing. The need for such integration is caused by the possibility of shortening the terms of design by using automatic w ay to transfer data from one stage to another as well as by the possibility to improve the quality by a quick assessment of realisation of project decisions obtained in the early stages of designing. Another trend in design automation is related to a description of designing based on artificial intelligence technology and on the development of ontology of designing. Formalisation of designing and related to it formalisation of accumulated knowledge is performed by using techniques and tools developed within the context of new scientific directions. Paper Airplane and Rubber Airplane are examples of such developments on early stages of aircraft design. The Paper Airplane project was developed in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in LISP language. It was designed as a tool for a conceptual designing. Rubber Airplane is an evolution of the ideas of Paper Airplane, but it has a more flexible and simple project description. LISP, programming language, is widely spread in the USA. For example, all software of AutoCad, a design system, is written in LISP. Intellectualisation of CAD is done when CAD is combined with AI system for Intelligent CAD. Some examples of Intelligent CAD are CADAM written in FORTRAN, an association of Lockheed's well-known commercial development with VM/PROLOG system, and CATIA Knowledge Adviser.
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2. Recommended sources
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41. . . : . .: , 1987. 288 . 42. . . - . .: , 1988. 280 . 43. . . . . .: . 1989. 184 . 44. . . ? . .: , 1982. 280 . 45. . . -12122 .: 1988. 12. 46. . / . ., . - .: 1990. 204. 47. : 10 . / . . . . .: .. 1990. 48. . ( ). .: , 1977. 408. 49. . ., . ., . ., . -09063. .: 1988. 15 . 50. . ., . . . .: , 1981. 110 . 51. ., . . . .: , 1990. 1991 . 52. . . ( ). .: , 1980. 168 . 53. . . - 79528..79534. , 1986. 54. ., . . .: , 1990. 320 . 55. . . .: , 1983. 48 . 56. . . .: , 1981. 272 . 57. . : . ­ .: , 2004. ­ 224 . 58. . . . // . , 1988. . 72-79. 59. . . .: , 1989.308 . 60. . . .: , 1973. 61. . ., . . . .. , 1984. 552 . 62. . ., . . . .: , 1982. 225 . 63. ., . . . .: , 1988. 648 . 64. . . / . . . .: , 1987. 224 . 65. : : . ..: 1989. 152 .
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66. ., . : . .: , 1987. 191 . 67. . ., . . . .: , 1989. 304 . 68. . .: 1988. 501 . 69. Anderson B.I. First Step Toward Integrating the Design Process. AIAA-884403, 1988. 5p. 70. Batson R.G., Love R.M. Risk Analysis Approach to Transport Aircraft Technology Assessment. "J. Aircraft". Vol.25, N2. 1988. P.99-105. 71. Bil C. Applications of Computer-Aided Engineering to Subsonic Aircraft Design in a University Environment. "ICAS Proc. 1986: 15th Congr. Int. Counc. Aeron. Sci. London, 7-12 Sept., 1986. Vol. 1" New York. P.103-118. 72. Bouchard .. Kidwell G.H.. Rogan J.E. The Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology to Aeronautical System Design. AIAA-88-4426. 1988. 20p. 73. Boud A.H., Soetarman B. Integrating Prolog and CADAM to Produce on Intelligent CAD system. "WESTEX-87: West.Conf.Expert Syst, Colif.; June 2 4, 1987. Proc." Washington. 1987. P.152 160. 74. Haberland C. Fenske W. A Computer Augmented Procedure for Commerci al Aircraft Configuration Development and Optimization. "J.Aircraft". Vol.23. N5. 1986. P.390-397. 75. Lange R.H A Rewiew of Unconventional Aircraft Design Concepts. "ICAS Proc. 1986: 15th Congr. Counc. Aeron. Sci, London, 7 12 Sept., 19S6. Vol.l."New York. P.191-200. 76. Marinopolous S., Jackson D., Shupe J., Mistree F. Compromise: an Effective Approach for Conceptual Aircraft Desigh. ALAA-87-2965. 1987. 11p. 77. Murotsu Yoshisada, Park Choong Sik // . Trans. Jap. Soc. Mech. Eng. 1990. 56 N 521.P.251-256 78. Nicolas L.M. Fundamentals of Aircraft Design. Revised 19S4. Mets. Inc. San Jose California. 1975. 79. Simos D., Jenkinsorj L.R. Optimization of the Conceptual Design and Mission Profiles of Shoat- haul Aircraft. ALAA-86-2696. 1986. 9p. 80. Widdision C.A., Schreffler E.S., Hoicking C.W. Aircraft Synthesis with Propulsion Installation Effects. AIAA-88-44-4. 1988. - 7 p.

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4. Internet resources
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. http://www.intuit.ru/department/expert/ontoth/ : , , : . - .. , .. , .. , .. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/_() http://www.philosophy.ru/iphras/library/ http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/kst/what-is-an-ontology.html http://www.masters.donntu.edu.ua/2010/fknt/bolotova/library/tez1.htm .. .., . http://www.masters.donntu.edu.ua/2010/fknt/bolotova/library/tez3.htm .. . http://www.aviaslovar.ru . http://protege.stanford.edu/ http://www.magenta-technology.com/ Magenta Corporation Limited. http://www.sociograd.ru/index.php/students/17-news/137-savchenkoiv .. : , , http://www.shkp.ru/lib/archive/second/2001-1/1 .. http://www.philosophy.ru/iphras/library/filtech.html . .

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5.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

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.. . . . : , 1992 ­ 92 . .. . / . ­ : , 2010 ­ 88 . .. : . .1. . ­ : , 2010 ­ 88 . .. . .: . .1. : , 2007 - .147. .., .., .. / . .. ­ .: - , 1992. ­ 224 . .., .. , . . . : , 2009 ­ 80 . .., .., .. / . . . ­ : , 2010 ­ 128 . . . /. . -.; , 1991. 16 . . ., . . // . , 1982. 51 . . ., . . . . 23.06.83, 3378-83. . . // . .: , 1984. . 205-207. . . // . , 1989. . 43-55. . ., . ., . . // . .: , 1981. 251. .., .. « » / .. -. , 1987. 16. . . // . , 1990. . 19-22.
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16. .., .. . . . . : , 2007 ­ 92 . 17. : . . 1/ . .. , .. ­ : - , 2008. ­ 56 . 18. : . 2/ . .. , .. ­ : - , 2008. ­ 40 . 19. : . 3/ . .. , .. ­ : - , 2008. ­ 36 . 20. : . 4/ . .. , .. ­ : - , 2008. ­ 36 . 21. : . 5/ . .. , .. ­ : - , 2008. ­ 52 .

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