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The Ministry of Education and Sciences of the Russian Federation Samara State Aerospace University (National Reserch University)

MATERIALS FOR EXAMINATION on the sub ject "Reliability and Op eration of Airplanes"
Electronic Metho dic Instructions

SAMARA 2011


The development programme for 2009-2018 of Samara State Aerospace University named after Academician S. P. Korolyov (National Research University) Compiler and translator: Mrykin Sergey V. Mrykin, S. V. MATERIALS FOR EXAMINATION on the sub ject "Reliability and Operation of Airplanes". = - " ". [Electronic resource]: Electronic Metho dic Instructions/ S. V. Mrykin; The Ministry of Education and Sciences of the Russian Federation, Samara State Aerospace University. Electronic text and graphic data (2.4Mb). - Samara, 2011. 1 CD-ROM. The materials are used for current and intermediate examination. Questions and tasks for current examination are classified by three levels: learning, repro duction, practical application. Examination materials are intended for tutors and used for training students and masters on the sub ject "Reliability and operation of airplanes". This materials are a part of postgraduate programmes which were developed based on using new educational technologies, resources and distancelearning systems for the Masters programme "Designing, construction and CALS-technologies in aircraft engineering". Prepared by the Department of Aeronautical Engineering SSAU.

c Samara State Aerospace University, 2011


Intro duction
In the do cument presented materials which use for flowing control of knowledge over curriculum and intermediate certification. The flowing control of knowledge solves tasks: 1. Check results independent work students by preparation for laboratory works: knowledge theoretical material at level recognize and repro duction. 2. Check results performance laboratory works: knowledge theoretical material at level repro duction and practical application. Intermediate certification solves tasks: 1. Estimate works of the student in a semester. 2. Estimate got theoretical knowledge by curriculum for a semester. 3. The got practical skills.

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1

Learning and repro duction level

The control is conducted in the form of oral (written) interrogation or at lecture to previous laboratory work, or in the beginning of laboratory work with the purpose of quality check independent work of students. The students who have received a unsatisfactory estimation are recommended to repeat (to study) theoretical material under abstracts of lectures or the textbo ok.

1.1

Method of block diagram

1. To interpret concepts: failure, physics of failure, fault, defect, damage, mistake, external effect. 2. Metho d of blo ck diagrams is accounted nature and character failures element, isn't it? 3. What phisical sense assumption about independent failures elements in system? 4. To interpret concepts: reliable, fail-safe. 5. Reliability mo del and metho d of blo ck diagrams is accounted probability simultaneous failures two and more elements, isn't it? 6. In what case element failure character has influence for use metho d? Example. 7. May use metho d for analysis reliability system by wear-out failure? Yes? No? Why? 8. Read following diagrams: C // 1 // // 2 // // // 3 // 2 // // // 2

C //

// 1 // 1

// 3

9. What diagram according to equation? P (C ) = P (A1 )P (A2 )P (A3 ) 4


10. What diagram according to equation? P (C ) = P (A1 ) + P (A2 ) + P (A3 ) 11. What diagram according to equation? P (C ) = 1 - [1 - P (A1 )][1 - P (A2 )][1 - P (A3 )] 12. What is statistical measure for (t)? 13. What is statistical measure for (t)? 14. Why frequently use identical value for (t) and (t)? 15. What is link between failure intensity and operating time to failure T ?

1.2

System reliability analisys

1. Which kind of tasks have to solve in pro cess design and analisys airplane systems and units with point of view reliability? 2. What initial data are necessary for analysis links between functional systems airplane? 3. To interpret concepts: expected operating conditions, extreme operating conditions, recommended mo des of flight, operational limitations, extreme limitations. 4. To interpret concepts special situations: complication of flight conditions, complex situation, emergency situation, disaster situation. 5. What basis is used for conclusion about o ccurrence special situation? 6. To interpret concepts random events: probable, improbable, extremely improbable, practically incredible. 7. To correlate list of special situations with list of random events: frequent, mo derately probable, improbable, extremely improbable and practically incredible.

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2

Practical application level

Control is conducted in conversation during reception of reports on laboratory works. Task formulation for laboratory work N 1 is in section 2.1.1, task variants is in section 2.1.2; for laboratory work N 2 in section 2.2.

2.1

Method of block diagrams

1. May, in principle, metho d use for analysis reliability statically indeterminate structure? 2. What diagram according to equation? P (S ) = 1 - 2 (1 2 3 ) 3. What diagram according to equation? C = 1 + 2 + 2 3 3 2. 1. 1 Task formulation

1. For certain blo ck diagram and time of working cycle find reliability function P (S ) and operating time to failure Tf (S ): = 1 hour (var. 1­6), = 2 hours (var. 7­14), = 3 hours (var. 15­22). Failure rate for elements get from table. NN element 1 2 3 4 5 6 Failure rate 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 i (t), h- 4 5 6 7 8 9
1

2. Write answers on following questions: · May operating time changing failure rate function. · Calculate reliability failure-free absolutly to failure for system is increased twice by for element number 1? Calculate reliability function for system if element number 1 is ? 6


2. 1. 2

Task variants

Variant 1 S // 1 // Variant 2 S // 2 // Variant 3 S // Variant 4 S // Variant 5 S // 2 // Variant 6 S // Variant 7 S // 2 // 3 // 4 // // 1 // // // 6 // 2 // // // 3 // // 5 // // 1 // // 4 // 6 // 1 // // 4 // // 3 // 6 // 1 // // // 3 // 4 // 2 // // 5 // // // 6 // 1 // // // 2 // 3 // // 4 // // // 5 // 6 // 1 // 4 // 3 // // // 5 // 2 // // // 3 // 4 // 5

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Variant 8 S // 3 // 6 // Variant 9 S // 3 // Variant 10 S // 3 // Variant 11 S // 4 // // 5 // // Variant 12 S // Variant 13 S // // 2 // // // // 3 // 4 // // 1 // // 6 // // 5 // 1 // // // // 6 // 2 // 4 // // 5 // // // 3 // 6 // // 1 // // // // 2 // 3 // 1 // // // 4 // // 2 // // // 5 // 6 // 5 // 2 // 4 // // // 1 // 1 // 2 // 5 // // // 4

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Variant 14 S // 1 // 3 // 5 // Variant 15 S // 5 // Variant 16 S // Variant 17 S // Variant 18 S // Variant 19 S // Variant 20 S // // 1 // 5 // 2 // 6 // 9 // 3 // 4 // // 2 // // // 4 // // 1 // 6 // 3 // 5 // // // 1 // 4 // 2 // 5 // 3 // // // 6 // 4 // 2 // // 6 // // // 1 // // // 5 // 3 // 6 // 1 // 5 // 2 // // 4 // // 3 // 4 // // 2 // 3 // // 1 // 2 // // // // 4 // 6


Variant 21 S // Variant 22 S // // 1 // // // 5 // // 4 // // // 2 // // 3 // // // 6 // 2 // 4 // 6 // // // 1 // // 3 // // // 5

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2.2

System reliability analysis

Failures analysis and calculation of reliability function under the set basic scheme of system and failures statistics elements [1, 2, 3]. Redesign system for set reliability. Basic schemes of systems are shown on figures 1­15.

1 control handle; 2 artificial spring feel unit; 3 trimming effect mechanism; 4 executive mechanism system of improvement stability and controllability; 5 hydraulic b ooster; 6 rigid rod; 7 executive mechanism of system tra jectory controls; 8 mechanism switching-off of the executive mechanism; 9 limitation mechanism of extreme modes; 10 arms; 11 spring rod.

Figure 1

Basic scheme of a control system of sup ersonic airplane

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1 6 9

control handle; 2 rod; 3 cranck; 4 arm; 5 trimming effect mechanism; artificial spring feel unit; 7 automatic device regulation efforts; 8 b ooster; autopilot steering machine.

Figure 2

Scheme of the pitch channel control systems

1 rudder p edal unit; 2 rod; 3 crank; 4 bracket; 5 trimming effect mechanism; 6 artificial spring feel unit; 7 b ooster; 8 autopilot steering machine.

Figure 3

Control channel of rudders

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1 6

control handle; 2 rod; 3 crank; 4 arm; 5 trimming effect mechanism; artificial feel spring unit; 7 b ooster; 8 autopilot steering machine.

Figure 4

Control system of roll channel

1 entrance lever; 2 spring rods; 3 electrosignal system of jamming for op erating slide-valve; 4 valve for switching hydrosystems; 5 op erating slidevalve; 6 cylinder of hydraulic b ooster; 7 rod with pistons; 8 tubing joint assembly for hydrosystem; 9 pip elines; 10 rigid rods.

Figure 5

Power supplies of chests of the two-chamb er hydraulic b ooster

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1 back 10 13

charging valve; 2 filter; 3 air cylinder; 4 manometer; 5 cock; 6 pressure valve; 7 op erating slide-valve; 8 compressor; 9 release valve; automatic pressure control; 11 electromagnetic valve; 12 air cylinder; tubing joint assembly.

Figure 6

Air control system of flaps

1 charging valve; 2 filter; 3 air cylinder; 4 manometer; 5 cock; 6 back pressure valve; 7 pip eline; 8 compressor; 9 release valve; 10 automatic pressure control; 11 air b ooster; 12 electromagnetic valve; 13 tub es joint assembly.

Figure 7

Air control system of slats

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1 relay of pressure; 2 b ooster; 3 swivel gland; 4 back pressure valve; 5 hydraulic b ooster for lock gangway; 6 electromagnetic valve; 7 throttle; 8 hydroaccumulator; 9 manometer; 10 charging valve; 11 release valve; 12 tub es joint assembly; 13 drain cock.

Figure 8

Pip eline for lower and lift onb oard gangway

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1 brake wheel; 2 inertial gauge for automatic device of braking; 3 throttle; 4 electromagnetic cock for automatic brake; 5 reducing valve for brake; 6 back pressure valve for drain; 7 tub es joint assembly; 8 connection for electric system.

Figure 9

Basic scheme of brake system

1 charging valve; electrohydraulic cock; 9 filter; 10 autom valve; 13 tub es joint

2 filter; 3 air cylinder; 4 manometer; 5 6 back pressure valve; 7 pip eline; 8 compressor; atic pressure control; 11 brake chamb er; 12 reducing assembly. Air system for braking wheels

Figure 10

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1 hydroaccumulator; 2 reducing valve; 3 back pressure valve; 4 manometer; 5 charging valve; 6 switch hydraulic; 7 throttle; 8 brake chamb er; 9 swivel glands; 10 electrohydraulic cock; 11 shuttle valve; 12 tub es joint.

Figure 11

Hydraulic system for braking of wheels

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:1 gauge of M numb er in throat; 2 regulator for central b ody; 3 control; 4 surge gauge; 5 central b ody with the mechanism of ad 6 stall gauge; 7 control system for start; 8 gauge of M number 9 gauge of shock p osition; 10 regulator for by-pass shutters; 11 shutters with the mechanism of control.

manual justment; for flight; by-pass

Figure 12

Regulation sup ersonic air intake

1 fuel tanks; 2 transferring pumps; 3 fuel consumed tank; 4 aircraft pumping up pump; 5 engine pumping up pump; 6 shut off valve; 7 filter; 8 sedimentation; 9 drain cock; 10 manometers; 11 back pressure valve; 12 tub es joint assembly.

Figure 13

Pump fuel supply to engine

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1 storage battery; 2 starting button; 3 electrosafeguard; 4 oxygen electrocock; 5 oxygen cylinder; 6 oxygen reducer; 7 back pressure valve; 8 pump for firing fuel; 9 tank for firing fuel; 10 ignition coil; 11 tank for working fuel; 12 pump for working fuel; 13 lever for engine control; 14 atomizer for working fuel; 15 atomizer for firing fuel; 16 atomizer oxygen; 17 candle electrostriking; 18 case of firing igniter.

Figure 14

Basic scheme of high-altitude start

1 fuel tank; 2 oxidizer tank; 3 primary pip eline; 4 shut off valve; 5 refueling pip eline; 6 drainage pip eline; 7 b ellows; 8 flange connections; 9 turb opump unit; 10 back pressure valve; 11 drainage valve.

Figure 15

Basic scheme for fuel system two-comp onental starting accelerator

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Control questions to examination

Examinations are conducted under tickets in the written and-or oral form. In the ticket one or two theoretical questions (depending on volume and complexity) and task in metho d of blo ck diagrams from section 2.1.1. 1. Special situations. The reasons of o ccurrence special situations. Definitions and examples. 2. Categories of random events. Classification special situations on categories of random events. Example of numerical value probability of random event. 3. Safety and fail-safe. Classification pro duct conditions with damages. 4. Pro duct reliability. Reliability properties. 5. Statistical analogues for parameters of density probability failures elements systems. 6. Reliability equation nonrestorable elements. Likelihoo d sense failure rate and failure intensity. 7. Metho d of blo ck diagrams. Conditions of application and the pro cedure of calculation. 8. Ways of a combination elementary events of failures. Example of dependence combination elementary events from failure cause. Full groups events. Calculation reliability function. 9. Probability failure-free operation at exponential law distribution failures. Ways for increase reliability: replacement of element base, redundancy. 10. Metho d of logic schemes. Conditions application. Example calculation reliability function for fuel system. 11. Algorithm estimation failure-free operation airplane at design. 12. Reliability measures. 13. Normative levels for failure-free operation functional systems. 14. Life cycle airplane. Reliability support program. 15. Fail-safe construction airplane transport category with a greater resource. Types and properties fail-safe construction. 20


16. Fail-safe joint normal flange to skin panel. 17. Fail-safe joint power flange to skin panel. 18. Choice preparation stringer. Conditions for selection kind of joint stringer to skin. 19. Braking development crack in tight skin fuselage.

Bibliography
[1] Vilchek, M.I. Reliability, fail-safe, operating. Metho d of blo ck diagrams and estimate reliability system [Text]: metho dic instructions. Kuibyshev: KuAI, preprint, 1981. 27 p. (in Russian). [2] Napadov, K.A. Reliability analysis system airplane at design [Text]: metho dic instructions. Samara: Publishing SSAU, 2010. 17 p. (in Russian). [3] Mrykin, S.V. Functional failure effects airplane systems [Text]: manual. Samara: Publishing SSAU, 2009. 49 p. (in Russian).

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