Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/postgres/talks/HighLoad-2013.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Fri Nov 1 18:08:30 2013 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Mon Apr 11 08:01:12 2016 Êîäèðîâêà: Ïîèñêîâûå ñëîâà: ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï

PostgreSQL
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PostgreSQL Development Team


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the only weapon that is effective against a werewolf, witch, or other monsters.


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PostgreSQL
· -- , . · TID (tuple id - #page: offset) · , GIN- . · MVCC: (), . · · , index bloat.



:
· WHERE col opr value · ORDER BY col [ASC|DESC] · ORDER BY col opr value [ASC]



:
· WHERE expr opr value · ORDER BY expr [ASC|DESC] · ORDER BY expr opr value [ASC]



· ( ) · (, concurrent index ) · ( GIN ) · -- ( ) ·


:
CREATE TABLE test3 AS (SELECT id, random() AS v, point(random(), random()) AS p FROM generate_series(1,1000000) id); ALTER TABLE test3 ADD PRIMARY KEY (id); CREATE INDEX test3_p_idx ON test3 USING gist (p); CREATE INDEX test3_v_id_idx ON test3 (v, id);

SELECT * FROM test3 WHERE p <@ box(point(0.5, 0.5), point(0.51, 0.51)); Bitmap Heap Scan on test3 (cost=48.36..2805.41 rows=1000 width=28) (actual time=0.069..0.150 Recheck Cond: (p <@ '(0.51,0.51),(0.5,0.5)'::box) -> Bitmap Index Scan on test3_p_idx (cost=0.00..48.11 rows=1000 width=0) (actual time=0.0 Index Cond: (p <@ '(0.51,0.51),(0.5,0.5)'::box) Total runtime: 0.172 ms


:
SELECT * FROM test3 WHERE p <@ box(point(0.5, 0.5), point(0.51, 0.51)); pg_operator oid oprname oprleft oprright 511 <@ 600 603 (box) 512 <@ 600 602 756 <@ 600 604 ... pg_amop amopfamilyamopopramopstrategy 1029 511 28 4015 511 8 4016 511 8 ... pg_attribute attrelid attname attnum atttypid 377315 id 1 23 377315 v 2 701 377315 p 3 600 ...

pg_index indrelid indkey indclass pg_opclass opcfamily opcname oid 377315 1 1978 377315 3 10068 1970float8_ops 3123 377315 2 1 3123 1978 1976int4_ops 1978 1029point_ops 10068 ... ...


:
1. pg_attribute 2. oid pg_operator 3. 4. oid pg_opclass 5. pg_amop oid oid 6., ( pg_amop) .


«» ?
Seq Scan on tbl (cost=0.00..17.50 rows=700 width=8) Filter: (a > 30) Rows Removed by Filter: 300 Index Only Scan using ab_idx on tbl (cost=0.28..6.03 rows=100 width=8) Index Cond: (a > 90) Heap Fetches: 0 update tbl set a=18; Bitmap Heap Scan on tbl (cost=9.67..20.92 rows=180 width=8) Recheck Cond: (a > 90) -> Bitmap Index Scan on ab_idx (cost=0.00..9.63 rows=180 width=0) Index Cond: (a > 90) set enable_indexonlyscan to off; set enable_bitmapscan to off; Index Scan using ab_idx on tbl (cost=0.28..6.04 rows=1 width=8) Index Cond: (a > 90)


Sequential Scan
·
<10 A B C D E


(Index Scan)
· , ( ),
<10 C A B C D E


(Index-only Scan)
· , , Visibility Map -. <10
C A B C D E

Visibiliy Map


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· -- , ORDER BY, .
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B-tree
· --
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GiST,GIN,SP-GiST
· -- API,
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Bitmap index scan
· Index scan , bitmap index . . recheck. <10
C 1 0 A B C D E

1 1

1 1


CREATE INDEX
CREATE ( [ [ [ [ [ UNIQUE ] INDEX [ CONCURRENTLY { column_name | ( expression ) } NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [, ...] WITH ( storage_parameter = value TABLESPACE tablespace_name ] WHERE predicate ] ] [ name ] ON table_name [ USING method ] [ COLLATE collation ] [ opclass ] [ ASC | DESC ] ) [, ... ] ) ]

Syntax: ALTER INDEX ALTER INDEX ALTER INDEX ALTER INDEX

[ [ [ [

IF IF IF IF

EXISTS EXISTS EXISTS EXISTS

] ] ] ]

name name name name

RENAME TO new_name SET TABLESPACE tablespace_name SET ( storage_parameter = value [, ... ] ) RESET ( storage_parameter [, ... ] )

DROP INDEX [ CONCURRENTLY ] [ IF EXISTS ] name [, ...] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]


CREATE INDEX
CREATE ( [ [ [ [ [ UNIQUE ] INDEX [ CONCURRENTLY { column_name | ( expression ) } NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [, ...] WITH ( storage_parameter = value TABLESPACE tablespace_name ] WHERE predicate ] ] [ name ] ON table_name [ USING method ] [ COLLATE collation ] [ opclass ] [ ASC | DESC ] ) [, ... ] ) ]

=# \d pg_am Table "pg_catalog.pg_am" Column | Type | Modifiers -----------------+----------+----------amname | name | not null amstrategies | smallint | not null amsupport | smallint | not null amcanorder | boolean | not null ....................................... amcanunique | boolean | not null amoptions | regproc | not null

=# select amname from pg_am; amname -------btree ACCESS METHODS hash gist gin spgist (5 rows)


CREATE INDEX
CREATE ( [ [ [ [ [ UNIQUE ] INDEX [ CONCURRENTLY { column_name | ( expression ) } NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [, ...] WITH ( storage_parameter = value TABLESPACE tablespace_name ] WHERE predicate ] ] [ name ] ON table_name [ USING method ] [ COLLATE collation ] [ opclass ] [ ASC | DESC ] ) [, ... ] ) ]

· storage_parameter
· BTREE, GiST - FILLFACTOR · GIN -- FASTUPDATE

· TABLESPACE -- / · pclass -- ( ) · ASC|DESC -- ORDER BY


CREATE INDEX
CREATE ( [ [ [ [ [ UNIQUE ] INDEX [ CONCURRENTLY { column_name | ( expression ) } NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [, ...] WITH ( storage_parameter = value TABLESPACE tablespace_name ] WHERE predicate ] ] [ name ] ON table_name [ USING method ] [ COLLATE collation ] [ opclass ] [ ASC | DESC ] ) [, ... ] ) ]

· CONCURRENTLY --
· · «» · · · DROP INDEX CONCURRENTLY
postgres=# \d tt Table "public.tt" Column | Type | Modifiers --------+---------+----------i | integer | Indexes: "tt_idx" btree (i) INVALID


CREATE INDEX
CREATE ( [ [ [ [ [ UNIQUE ] INDEX [ CONCURRENTLY { column_name | ( expression ) } NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [, ...] WITH ( storage_parameter = value TABLESPACE tablespace_name ] WHERE predicate ] ] [ name ] ON table_name [ USING method ] [ COLLATE collation ] [ opclass ] [ ASC | DESC ] ) [, ... ] ) ]

·
· IMMUTABLE · «» · «» CREATE INDEX
create index sin_idx on foo(sin(id)); =# explain select 1 from foo where sin(id)=0; QUERY PLAN ------------------------------------------------------------------Index Scan using sin_idx on foo (cost=0.14..8.16 rows=1 width=0) Index Cond: (sin((id)::double precision) = 0::double precision) (2 rows)



· -
· · · · /

· DBA · http://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Index_Maintenance


::



SELECT schemaname || '.' || relname AS table, indexrelname AS index, pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(i.indexrelid)) AS index_size, idx_scan as index_scans FROM pg_stat_user_indexes ui JOIN pg_index i ON ui.indexrelid = i.indexrelid WHERE NOT indisunique AND idx_scan < 50 AND pg_relation_size(relid) > 5 * 819 ORDER BY pg_relation_size(i.indexrelid) / nullif(idx_scan, 0) DESC NULLS FIRS pg_relation_size(i.indexrelid) DESC; table | index | index_size | index_scans ----------------+------------------+------------+------------public.apod | gin_apod_fts_idx | 1616 kB | 0 public.tbl | ab1_idx | 40 kB | 0 public.tbl | a_idx | 40 kB | 0 public.tbl | ba_idx | 40 kB | 0 public.reviews | reviews_gin_idx | 160 MB | 9 public.events | e_date_id | 3352 kB | 4 public.tbl | ab_idx | 88 kB | 28 (7 rows)



· -
·

=# \d tbl Table "public.tbl" Column | Type | Modifiers --------+---------+----------a | integer | b | integer | Indexes: "a_idx" btree (a) "ab1_idx" btree (a, b) "ab_idx" btree (a, b) "ba_idx" btree (a, b)

SELECT a.indrelid::regclass, a.indexrelid::regclass, b.indexrelid::regclass FROM (SELECT *,array_to_string(indkey,' ') AS cols FROM pg_index) a JOIN (SELECT *,array_to_string(indkey,' ') AS cols FROM pg_index) b ON ( a.indrelid=b.indrelid AND a.indexrelid > b.indexrelid AND ( (a.cols LIKE b.cols||'%' AND coalesce(substr(a.cols,length(b.cols)+1,1),' ')=' ' ) OR (b.cols LIKE a.cols||'%' AND coalesce(substr(b.cols,length(a.cols)+1,1),' ')=' ') ) ) ORDER BY indrelid; indrelid | indexrelid | indexrelid ----------+------------+-----------tbl | a_idx | ab1_idx tbl | a_idx | ba_idx tbl | a_idx | ab_idx (3 rows)


:: V2

SELECT idstat.relname AS tname,indexrelname AS iname, idstat.idx_scan AS used, pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(idstat.relid)) AS tsize, pg_size_pretty(pg_relation_size(indexrelid)) AS isize, n_tup_upd + n_tup_ins + n_tup_del as writes, indexdef AS create FROM pg_stat_user_indexes AS idstat JOIN pg_indexes ON (indexrelname = indexname AND idstat.schemaname = pg_indexes.schemaname) JOIN pg_stat_user_tables AS tabstat ON idstat.relid = tabstat.relid WHERE idstat.idx_scan < 200 AND indexdef !~* 'unique' ORDER BY idstat.relname, indexrelname; tname | iname | used | tsize | isize | writes | creat ---------+------------------+------+---------+---------+--------+-------------------------------apod | gin_apod_fts_idx | 0 | 2712 kB | 1616 kB | 1754 | CREATE INDEX gin_apod_fts_idx O events | e_date_id | 4 | 14 MB | 3352 kB | 151643 | CREATE INDEX e_date_id ON event reviews | reviews_gin_idx | 9 | 270 MB | 160 MB | 589859 | CREATE INDEX reviews_gin_idx ON tbl | a_idx | 0 | 72 kB | 40 kB | 2000 | CREATE INDEX a_idx ON tbl USING tbl | ab1_idx | 0 | 72 kB | 40 kB | 2000 | CREATE INDEX ab1_idx ON tbl USI tbl | ab_idx | 28 | 72 kB | 88 kB | 2000 | CREATE INDEX ab_idx ON tbl USIN tbl | ba_idx | 0 | 72 kB | 40 kB | 2000 | CREATE INDEX ba_idx ON tbl USIN (7 rows)


maintenance_work_mem
SET maintenance_work_mem = '1 MB'; CREATE INDEX test1_v_idx ON test1 (v); Time: 1194,299 ms SET maintenance_work_mem = '128 MB'; CREATE INDEX test1_v_idx ON test1 (v); Time: 708,644 ms

, ( )


( )

CREATE TABLE test1 WITH (autovacuum_enabled = off) AS (SELECT id, random() v FROM generate_seri CREATE INDEX test1_v_idx ON test1 (v);

! SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE v BETWEEN 0.1 AND 0.9 Bitmap Heap Scan on test1 (cost=107.61..5701.58 rows=5000 width=12) (actual time=63.206..205.054 rows=800235 loops=1) Recheck Cond: ((v >= 0.1::double precision) AND (v <= 0.9::double precision)) Rows Removed by Index Recheck: 152799 Buffers: shared hit=7596 -> Bitmap Index Scan on test1_v_idx (cost=0.00..106.36 rows=5000 width=0) (actual time=63. Index Cond: ((v >= 0.1::double precision) AND (v <= 0.9::double precision)) Buffers: shared hit=2190 Total runtime: 239.768 ms


( )

SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE v BETWEEN 0.5 AND 0.500001; ! Bitmap Heap Scan on test1 (cost=107.61..5701.58 rows=5000 width=12) (actual time=0.014..0.014 rows=1 loops=1) Recheck Cond: ((v >= 0.5::double precision) AND (v <= 0.500001::double precision)) Buffers: shared hit=4 -> Bitmap Index Scan on test1_v_idx (cost=0.00..106.36 rows=5000 width=0) (actual time=0.011. Index Cond: ((v >= 0.5::double precision) AND (v <= 0.500001::double precision)) Buffers: shared hit=3 Total runtime: 0.035 ms

SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE v BETWEEN 0.5 AND 0.6; ! Bitmap Heap Scan on test1 (cost=107.61..5701.58 rows=5000 width=12) (actual time=12.368..30.688 rows=99951 loops=1) Recheck Cond: ((v >= 0.5::double precision) AND (v <= 0.6::double precision)) Buffers: shared hit=5681 read=1 -> Bitmap Index Scan on test1_v_idx (cost=0.00..106.36 rows=5000 width=0) (actual time=11.649 Index Cond: ((v >= 0.5::double precision) AND (v <= 0.6::double precision)) Buffers: shared hit=275 read=1


( )
VACUUM ANALYZE test1; SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE v BETWEEN 0.1 AND 0.9; Seq Scan on test1 (cost=0.00..20406.00 rows=801140 width=12) (actual time=0.007..159.966 rows=800235 loops=1) Filter: ((v >= 0.1::double precision) AND (v <= 0.9::double precision)) Rows Removed by Filter: 199765 Buffers: shared hit=5406 Total runtime: 196.179 ms SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE v BETWEEN 0.5 AND 0.500001; Index Scan using test1_v_idx on test1 (cost=0.00..8.38 rows=1 width=12) (actual time=0.018..0.019 rows=1 loops=1) Index Cond: ((v >= 0.5::double precision) AND (v <= 0.500001::double precision)) Buffers: shared hit=4 Total runtime: 0.037 ms


CLUSTER

SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE v BETWEEN 0.5 AND 0.6; Bitmap Heap Scan on test1 (cost=2187.43..9137.44 rows=102934 width=12) (actual time=9.386..28 Recheck Cond: ((v >= 0.5::double precision) AND (v <= 0.6::double precision)) Buffers: shared hit=5682 -> Bitmap Index Scan on test1_v_idx (cost=0.00..2161.70 rows=102934 width=0) (actual time= Index Cond: ((v >= 0.5::double precision) AND (v <= 0.6::double precision)) Buffers: shared hit=276 Total runtime: 33.688 ms CLUSTER test1 USING test1_v_idx;

SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE v BETWEEN 0.5 AND 0.6; Bitmap Heap Scan on test1 (cost=2187.43..9137.44 rows=102934 width=12) (actual time=7.014..15 Recheck Cond: ((v >= 0.5::double precision) AND (v <= 0.6::double precision)) Buffers: shared hit=816 -> Bitmap Index Scan on test1_v_idx (cost=0.00..2161.70 rows=102934 width=0) (actual time= Index Cond: ((v >= 0.5::double precision) AND (v <= 0.6::double precision)) Buffers: shared hit=276 Total runtime: 20.461 ms


ORDER BY
SELECT * FROM test1 ORDER BY v; Index Scan using test1_v_idx on test1 Buffers: shared hit=8141 Total runtime: 188.832 ms SET enable_indexscan = off;

(cost=0.00..47604.02 rows=1000000 width=12) (actual tim

SELECT * FROM test1 ORDER BY v; Sort (cost=132154.34..134654.34 rows=1000000 width=12) (actual time=636.567..752.384 rows=100 Sort Key: v Sort Method: external sort Disk: 25424kB Buffers: shared hit=5406, temp read=3178 written=3178 -> Seq Scan on test1 (cost=0.00..15406.00 rows=1000000 width=12) (actual time=0.010..86.15 Buffers: shared hit=5406 Total runtime: 819.682 ms


, ORDER BY LIMIT
«»?

SELECT * FROM test1 ORDER BY v LIMIT 20; Limit (cost=0.00..0.95 rows=20 width=12) (actual time=0.014..0.021 rows=20 loops=1) Buffers: shared hit=4 -> Index Scan using test1_v_idx on test1 (cost=0.00..47604.02 rows=1000000 width=12) (actual Buffers: shared hit=4 Total runtime: 0.033 ms

SELECT * FROM test1 ORDER BY v LIMIT 20 OFFSET 900000; Limit (cost=42843.62..42844.57 rows=20 width=12) (actual time=178.863..178.868 rows=20 loops=1) Buffers: shared hit=7327 -> Index Scan using test1_v_idx on test1 (cost=0.00..47604.02 rows=1000000 width=12) (actual Buffers: shared hit=7327 Total runtime: 178.887 ms



SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE v >= 0.9 ORDER BY v LIMIT 20; Limit (cost=0.00..4.85 rows=20 width=12) (actual time=0.050..0.058 rows=20 loops=1) Buffers: shared hit=3 read=1 -> Index Scan using test1_v_idx on test1 (cost=0.00..24503.79 rows=101021 width=12) (actual Index Cond: (v >= 0.9::double precision) Buffers: shared hit=3 read=1 Total runtime: 0.075 ms


, ORDER BY LIMIT

CREATE TABLE test4 AS (SELECT id, (random()*20::int) AS v1, random() AS v2 FROM generate_series(1 CREATE INDEX test4_v1_v2_idx ON test4 (v1, v2);

SELECT * FROM test4 ORDER BY v1, v2 LIMIT 20; Limit (cost=0.00..1.12 rows=20 width=20) (actual time=0.012..0.097 rows=20 loops=1) -> Index Scan using test4_v1_v2_idx on test4 (cost=0.00..55892.40 rows=1000000 width=20) (ac Total runtime: 0.110 ms SELECT * FROM test4 WHERE (v1, v2) > (9,0.5) ORDER Limit (cost=0.00..1.58 rows=20 width=20) (actual -> Index Scan using test4_v1_v2_idx on test4 Index Cond: (ROW(v1, v2) > ROW(9::double Total runtime: 0.111 ms

BY v1, v2 LIMIT 20; time=0.025..0.088 rows=20 loops=1) (cost=0.00..43628.52 rows=551512 width=20) (act precision, 0.5::double precision))


Index only scan
ANALYZE test4;

SELECT v1, v2 FROM test4 WHERE v1 BETWEEN 0.5 AND 0.51; Bitmap Heap Scan on test4 (cost=18.15..1709.51 rows=561 width=16) (actual time=0.109..0.455 row Recheck Cond: ((v1 >= 0.5::double precision) AND (v1 <= 0.51::double precision)) -> Bitmap Index Scan on test4_v1_v2_idx (cost=0.00..18.01 rows=561 width=0) (actual time=0.0 Index Cond: ((v1 >= 0.5::double precision) AND (v1 <= 0.51::double precision)) Total runtime: 0.488 ms

SET enable_bitmapscan = OFF; SET enable_indexscan = OFF; SET enable_seqscan = OFF; SELECT v1, v2 FROM test4 WHERE v1 BETWEEN 0.5 AND 0.51; Index Only Scan using test4_v1_v2_idx on test4 (cost=10000000000.00..10000002175.62 rows=561 wi Index Cond: ((v1 >= 0.5::double precision) AND (v1 <= 0.51::double precision)) Heap Fetches: 482 Total runtime: 0.593 ms


Index only scan
VACUUM test4;

SELECT v1, v2 FROM test4 WHERE v1 BETWEEN 0.5 AND 0.51; Index Only Scan using test4_v1_v2_idx on test4 (cost=10000000000.00..10000000023.62 rows=561 wi Index Cond: ((v1 >= 0.5::double precision) AND (v1 <= 0.51::double precision)) Heap Fetches: 0 Total runtime: 0.173 ms


, ORDER BY LIMIT

SELECT * FROM test4 ORDER BY v1 LIMIT 20; Limit (cost=0.00..1.12 rows=20 width=20) (actual time=0.016..0.042 rows=20 loops=1) -> Index Scan using test4_v1_v2_idx on test4 (cost=0.00..55889.49 rows=1000000 width=20) (ac Total runtime: 0.060 ms

SELECT * FROM test4 ORDER BY v2 LIMIT 20; Limit (cost=42979.64..42979.69 rows=20 width=20) (actual time=161.618..161.620 rows=20 loops=1) -> Sort (cost=42979.64..45479.64 rows=1000000 width=20) (actual time=161.616..161.618 rows=2 Sort Key: v2 Sort Method: top-N heapsort Memory: 26kB -> Seq Scan on test4 (cost=0.00..16370.00 rows=1000000 width=20) (actual time=0.036..8 Total runtime: 161.645 ms


random_page_cost
SET random_page_cost = 1; SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE v BETWEEN 0.5 AND 0.6; Index Scan using test1_v_idx on test1 (cost=0.00..7666.22 rows=99349 width=12) (actual time=0.035..63.101 rows=99951 loops=1) Index Cond: ((v >= 0.5::double precision) AND (v <= 0.6::double precision)) Buffers: shared hit=100200 Total runtime: 67.788 ms


work_mem
SET work_mem = '128 kB';

SELECT * FROM test1 WHERE v BETWEEN 0.5 AND 0.6; Bitmap Heap Scan on test1 (cost=2110.69..9006.92 rows=99349 width=12) (actual time=11.010..1 Recheck Cond: ((v >= 0.5::double precision) AND (v <= 0.6::double precision)) Rows Removed by Index Recheck: 688322 Buffers: shared hit=5682 -> Bitmap Index Scan on test1_v_idx (cost=0.00..2085.85 rows=99349 width=0) (actual time= Index Cond: ((v >= 0.5::double precision) AND (v <= 0.6::double precision)) Buffers: shared hit=276 Total runtime: 114.684 ms



CREATE TABLE test2 AS (SELECT id, polygon(20,circle(point(random(), random()),0.01)) AS p FROM generate_series(1,1000000) id); ALTER TABLE test2 ADD PRIMARY KEY (id); CREATE INDEX test2_box_idx ON test2 USING gist (p); SELECT Nested -> ->

* FROM test2 t1 JOIN test2 t2 ON t2.id > t1.id AND t1.p && t2.p; Loop (cost=196.89..15740565.92 rows=4166667 width=72) (actual time=9.464..93463.065 rows= Seq Scan on test2 t1 (cost=0.00..13000.00 rows=50000 width=36) (actual time=0.027..54.015 Bitmap Heap Scan on test2 t2 (cost=196.89..313.72 rows=83 width=36) (actual time=1.845..1. Recheck Cond: ((t1.p && p) AND (id > t1.id)) Rows Removed by Index Recheck: 0 -> BitmapAnd (cost=196.89..196.89 rows=83 width=0) (actual time=1.751..1.751 rows=0 loo -> Bitmap Index Scan on test2_box_idx (cost=0.00..6.41 rows=250 width=0) (actual time=0.015..0.015 rows=2 loops=50000) Index Cond: (t1.p && p) -> Bitmap Index Scan on test2_pkey (cost=0.00..190.18 rows=16667 width=0) (actual time=1.733..1.733 rows=25000 loops=50000) Index Cond: (id > t1.id) Total runtime: 93465.872 ms


?
pg_operator oprname oprrest oprjoin oprleft oprright && areasel areajoinsel 604 604 (polygon) src/backend/utils/adt/geo_selfuncs.c Datum areasel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(0.005); } Datum areajoinsel(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) { PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(0.005); }



SET enable_bitmapscan = OFF; SELECT Nested -> ->

* FROM test2 t1 JOIN test2 t2 ON t2.id > t1.id AND t1.p && t2.p; Loop (cost=0.00..18358598.00 rows=4166667 width=72) (actual time=2.458..11824.565 rows=15 Seq Scan on test2 t1 (cost=0.00..13000.00 rows=50000 width=36) (actual time=0.005..20.801 Index Scan using test2_box_idx on test2 t2 (cost=0.00..366.08 rows=83 width=36) (actual ti Index Cond: (t1.p && p) Rows Removed by Index Recheck: 0 Filter: (id > t1.id) Rows Removed by Filter: 1 Total runtime: 11826.029 ms


plantuner
LOAD 'plantuner'; SET plantuner.forbid_index='test2_pkey'; SELECT Nested -> ->

* FROM test2 t1 JOIN test2 t2 ON t2.id > t1.id AND t1.p && t2.p; Loop (cost=6.43..17418092.51 rows=4166667 width=72) (actual time=1.547..12355.722 rows=15 Seq Scan on test2 t1 (cost=0.00..13000.00 rows=50000 width=36) (actual time=0.004..22.919 Bitmap Heap Scan on test2 t2 (cost=6.43..347.27 rows=83 width=36) (actual time=0.224..0.24 Recheck Cond: (t1.p && p) Rows Removed by Index Recheck: 0 Filter: (id > t1.id) Rows Removed by Filter: 1 -> Bitmap Index Scan on test2_box_idx (cost=0.00..6.41 rows=250 width=0) (actual time=0.014..0.014 rows=2 loops=50000) Index Cond: (t1.p && p) Total runtime: 12357.238 ms

pg_hint_plan: http://www.sai.msu.su/~megera/wiki/plantuner


pg_hint_plan
LOAD 'pg_hint_plan'; SELECT Nested -> ->

* FROM test2 t1 JOIN test2 t2 ON t2.id > t1.id AND t1.p && t2.p; Loop (cost=0.00..18358598.00 rows=4166667 width=72) (actual time=2.457..11912.368 rows=15 Seq Scan on test2 t1 (cost=0.00..13000.00 rows=50000 width=36) (actual time=0.005..21.094 Index Scan using test2_box_idx on test2 t2 (cost=0.00..366.08 rows=83 width=36) (actual ti Index Cond: (t1.p && p) Rows Removed by Index Recheck: 0 Filter: (id > t1.id) Rows Removed by Filter: 1 Total runtime: 11913.821 ms

pg_hint_plan: http://habrahabr.ru/post/169751/


?
CREATE Time: CREATE Time: INSERT Time: Total: CREATE Time: INSERT Time: ALTER Time: CREATE Time: Total: TABLE test5 (id integer PRIMARY KEY, v float8); 1,991 ms INDEX test5_v_idx ON test5(v); 0,506 ms INTO test5 (SELECT id, random() FROM generate_series(1,1000000) id); 4909,127 ms 4911 ms TABLE test5 (id integer, v float8); 0,763 ms INTO test5 (SELECT id, random() FROM generate_series(1,1000000) id); 938,852 ms TABLE test5 ADD PRIMARY KEY (id); 779,618 ms INDEX test5_v_idx ON test5(v); 1195,492 ms 2915 ms



REATE TABLE test6 AS ( SELECT id, (random()*20::int) AS v1, random() AS v2 FROM generate_series(1,1000000) id);

SELECT * FROM test6 WHERE v1 = 0 AND v2 BETWEEN 0.1 AND 0.4; Index Scan using test6_v1_0_v2_idx on test6 (cost=0.00..8.27 rows=1 width=20) (actual time=0.008 Index Cond: ((v2 >= 0.1::double precision) AND (v2 <= 0.4::double precision)) Total runtime: 0.037 ms SELECT * FROM test6 WHERE v1 = 0; Index Scan using test6_v1_0_v2_idx on test6 Total runtime: 0.021 ms

(cost=0.00..8.27 rows=1 width=20) (actual time=0.007

SELECT * FROM test6 WHERE v2 BETWEEN 0.1 AND 0.2; Seq Scan on test6 (cost=0.00..21370.00 rows=99962 width=20) (actual time=0.044..157.861 rows=100 Filter: ((v2 >= 0.1::double precision) AND (v2 <= 0.2::double precision)) Rows Removed by Filter: 899919 Total runtime: 162.312 ms



CREATE TABLE test7 AS ( SELECT id, random() AS v1, random() AS v2 FROM generate_series(1,1000000) id); CREATE INDEX test7_v1_plus_v2_idx ON test7((v1 + v2)); SELECT * FROM test7 WHERE v1 Bitmap Heap Scan on test7 Recheck Cond: ((v1 + v2) -> Bitmap Index Scan on Index Cond: ((v1 + Total runtime: 21.410 ms

+ v2 > 1.9; (cost=135.70..6911.42 rows=7140 width=20) (actual time=1.707..21.039 r > 1.9::double precision) test7_v1_plus_v2_idx (cost=0.00..133.91 rows=7140 width=0) (actual ti v2) > 1.9::double precision)


Head Only Tuple (HOT)
test8_v2_idx - 21 MB test8_v3_idx - 21 MB UPDATE test8 SET v1 = v1 + 1 WHERE id % 20 = 0; test8_v2_idx - 21 MB test8_v3_idx - 21 MB VACUUM test8; UPDATE test8 SET v2 = v2 + 1 WHERE id % 20 = 0; test8_v2_idx - 23 MB test8_v3_idx - 21 MB

CREATE TABLE test8 AS (SELECT id, random() AS v1, random() AS v2, random() AS v3 FROM generate_ser CREATE INDEX test8_v2_idx ON test8(v2);


KNN-GiST
CREATE TABLE test9 AS ( SELECT id, point(random(), random()) AS p FROM generate_series(1,1000000) id);

SELECT * FROM test9 ORDER BY p <-> point(0.5, 0.5) LIMIT 10; Limit (cost=41786.38..41786.41 rows=10 width=20) (actual time=331.506..331.509 rows=10 loops=1) -> Sort (cost=41786.38..44382.16 rows=1038310 width=20) (actual time=331.500..331.501 rows=10 Sort Key: ((p <-> '(0.5,0.5)'::point)) Sort Method: top-N heapsort Memory: 25kB -> Seq Scan on test9 (cost=0.00..19348.88 rows=1038310 width=20) (actual time=0.019..20 Total runtime: 331.528 ms CREATE INDEX test9_p_idx ON test9 USING gist (p); SELECT * FROM test9 ORDER BY p <-> point(0.5, 0.5) LIMIT 10; Limit (cost=0.00..0.82 rows=10 width=20) (actual time=0.089..19.541 rows=10 loops=1) -> Index Scan using test9_p_idx on test9 (cost=0.00..81892.61 rows=1000000 width=20) (actual Order By: (p <-> '(0.5,0.5)'::point) Total runtime: 19.575 ms


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