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There is a very close link between C and
most operating systems that run our C programs. Almost the whole of the UNIX
operating system is written in C. This Chapter will look at how C and UNIX
interface together.
We have to use UNIX to maintain our file space, edit, compile
and run programs etc..
However UNIX is much more useful than this:
To use system calls and library functions in a C program we simply call the
appropriate C function.
Examples of standard library functions we have met include the higher level I/O
functions -- fprintf(), malloc() ...
Aritmetic operators, random number generators -- random(), srandom(), lrand48(), drand48() etc. and basic C types to string conversion are memebers of the stdlib.h standard library.
All math functions such as sin(), cos(), sqrt() are standard math library (math.h) functions and others follow in a similar fashion.
For most system calls and library functions we have to include an appropriate header file. e.g. stdio.h, math.h
To use a function, ensure that you have made the required #includes in your C file. Then the function can be called as though you had defined it yourself.
It is important to ensure that your arguments have the expected types, otherwise the function will probably produce strange results. lint is quite good at checking such things.
Some libraries require extra options before the compiler can support their use. For example, to compile a program including functions from the math.h library the command might be
cc mathprog.c -o mathprog -lm
The final -lm is an instruction to link the maths library with the program. The manual page for each function will usually inform you if any special compiler flags are required.
Information on nearly all system calls and library functions is available in
manual pages. These are available on line: Simply type man function name.
e.g. man drand48
would give information about this random number generator.
Over the coming chapters we will be investigating in detail many aspects of the C Standard Library and also other UNIX libraries.