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Contents
Contents
The Common Desktop Environment
The front panel
The file manager
The application manager
The session manager
Other CDE desktop tools
Application development tools
Application integration
Windows and the Window Manager
The Root Menu
Exercises
C/C++ Program Compilation
Creating, Compiling and Running Your Program
Creating the program
Compilation
Running the program
The C Compilation Model
The Preprocessor
C Compiler
Assembler
Link Editor
Some Useful Compiler Options
Using Libraries
UNIX Library Functions
Finding Information about Library Functions
Lint -- A C program verifier
Exercises
C Basics
History of C
Characteristics of C
C Program Structure
Variables
Defining Global Variables
Printing Out and Inputting Variables
Constants
Arithmetic Operations
Comparison Operators
Logical Operators
Order of Precedence
Exercises
Conditionals
The
if
statement
The
?
operator
The
switch
statement
Exercises
Looping and Iteration
The
for
statement
The
while
statement
The
do-while
statement
break
and
continue
Exercises
Arrays and Strings
Single and Multi-dimensional Arrays
Strings
Exercises
Functions
void
functions
Functions and Arrays
Function Prototyping
Exercises
Further Data Types
Structures
Defining New Data Types
Unions
Coercion or Type-Casting
Enumerated Types
Static Variables
Exercises
Pointers
What is a Pointer?
Pointer and Functions
Pointers and Arrays
Arrays of Pointers
Multidimensional arrays and pointers
Static Initialisation of Pointer Arrays
Pointers and Structures
Common Pointer Pitfalls
Not assigning a pointer to memory address before using it
Illegal indirection
Exercise
Dynamic Memory Allocation and Dynamic Structures
Malloc, Sizeof, and Free
Calloc and Realloc
Linked Lists
Full Program:
queue.c
Exercises
Advanced Pointer Topics
Pointers to Pointers
Command line input
Pointers to a Function
Exercises
Low Level Operators and Bit Fields
Bitwise Operators
Bit Fields
Bit Fields: Practical Example
A note of caution: Portability
Exercises
The C Preprocessor
#define
#undef
#include
#if -- Conditional inclusion
Preprocessor Compiler Control
Other Preprocessor Commands
Exercises
C, UNIX and Standard Libraries
Advantages of using UNIX with C
Using UNIX System Calls and Library Functions
Integer Functions, Random Number, String Conversion, Searching and Sorting:
<stdlib.h>
Arithmetic Functions
Random Numbers
String Conversion
Searching and Sorting
Exercises
Mathematics:
<math.h>
Math Functions
Math Constants
Input and Output (I/O):
stdio.h
Reporting Errors
perror()
errno
exit()
Streams
Predefined Streams
Redirection
Basic I/O
Formatted I/O
Printf
scanf
Files
Reading and writing files
sprintf and sscanf
Stream Status Enquiries
Low Level I/O
Exercises
String Handling:
<string.h>
Basic String Handling Functions
String Searching
Character conversions and testing:
ctype.h
Memory Operations:
<memory.h>
Exercises
File Access and Directory System Calls
Directory handling functions:
<unistd.h>
Scanning and Sorting Directories:
<sys/types.h>,<sys/dir.h>
File Manipulation Routines: unistd.h, sys/types.h, sys/stat.h
File Access
errno
File Status
File Manipulation:stdio.h, unistd.h
Creating Temporary FIles:<stdio.h>
Exercises
Time Functions
Basic time functions
Example time applications
Example 1: Time (in seconds) to perform some computation
Example
2
: Set a random number seed
Exercises
Process Control:
<stdlib.h>,<unistd.h>
Running UNIX Commands from C
execl()
fork()
wait()
exit()
Exerises
Interprocess Communication (IPC), Pipes
Piping in a C program: <
stdio.h
>
popen()
-- Formatted Piping
pipe()
-- Low level Piping
Exercises
IPC:Interrupts and Signals: <
signal.h
>
Sending Signals --
kill(), raise()
Signal Handling --
signal()
sig_talk.c
-- complete example program
Other signal functions
IPC:Message Queues:
<sys/msg.h>
Initialising the Message Queue
IPC Functions, Key Arguments, and Creation Flags: <sys/ipc.h>
Controlling message queues
Sending and Receiving Messages
POSIX Messages: <
mqueue.h
>
Example: Sending messages between two processes
message_send.c
-- creating and sending to a simple message queue
message_rec.c
-- receiving the above message
Some further example message queue programs
msgget.c
: Simple Program to illustrate
msget()
msgctl.c
Sample Program to Illustrate
msgctl()
msgop.c
: Sample Program to Illustrate
msgsnd()
and
msgrcv()
Exercises
IPC:Semaphores
Initializing a Semaphore Set
Controlling Semaphores
Semaphore Operations
POSIX Semaphores: <semaphore.h>
semaphore.c
: Illustration of simple semaphore passing
Some further example semaphore programs
semget.c
: Illustrate the
semget()
function
semctl.c
: Illustrate the
semctl()
function
semop()
Sample Program to Illustrate
semop()
Exercises
IPC:Shared Memory
Accessing a Shared Memory Segment
Controlling a Shared Memory Segment
Attaching and Detaching a Shared Memory Segment
Example two processes comunicating via shared memory:
shm_server.c, shm_client.c
shm_server.c
shm_client.c
POSIX Shared Memory
Mapped memory
Address Spaces and Mapping
Coherence
Creating and Using Mappings
Other Memory Control Functions
Some further example shared memory programs
shmget.c
:Sample Program to Illustrate shmget()
shmctl.c
: Sample Program to Illustrate
shmctl()
shmop.c
: Sample Program to Illustrate
shmat()
and
shmdt()
Exercises
IPC:Sockets
Socket Creation and Naming
Connecting Stream Sockets
Stream Data Transfer and Closing
Datagram sockets
Socket Options
Example Socket Programs:
socket_server.c,socket_client
socket_server.c
socket_client.c
Exercises
Threads: Basic Theory and Libraries
Processes and Threads
Benefits of Threads vs Processes
Multithreading vs. Single threading
Some Example applications of threads
Thread Levels
User-Level Threads (ULT)
Kernel-Level Threads (KLT)
Combined ULT/KLT Approaches
Threads libraries
The POSIX Threads Library:
libpthread
, <pthread.h>
Creating a (Default) Thread
Wait for Thread Termination
A Simple Threads Example
Detaching a Thread
Create a Key for Thread-Specific Data
Delete the Thread-Specific Data Key
Set the Thread-Specific Data Key
Get the Thread-Specific Data Key
Global and Private Thread-Specific Data Example
Getting the Thread Identifiers
Comparing Thread IDs
Initializing Threads
Yield Thread Execution
Set the Thread Priority
Get the Thread Priority
Send a Signal to a Thread
Access the Signal Mask of the Calling Thread
Terminate a Thread
Solaris Threads: <
thread.h
>
Unique Solaris Threads Functions
Suspend Thread Execution
Continue a Suspended Thread
Set Thread Concurrency Level
Readers/Writer Locks
Readers/Writer Lock Example
Similar Solaris Threads Functions
Create a Thread
Get the Thread Identifier
Yield Thread Execution
Signals and Solaris Threads
Terminating a Thread
Creating a Thread-Specific Data Key
Example Use of Thread Specific Data:Rethinking Global Variables
Compiling a Multithreaded Application
Preparing for Compilation
Debugging a Multithreaded Program
Further Threads Programming:Thread Attributes (POSIX)
Attributes
Initializing Thread Attributes
Destroying Thread Attributes
Thread's Detach State
Thread's Set Scope
Thread Scheduling Policy
Thread Inherited Scheduling Policy
Set Scheduling Parameters
Thread Stack Size
Building Your Own Thread Stack
Further Threads Programming:Synchronization
Mutual Exclusion Locks
Initializing a Mutex Attribute Object
Destroying a Mutex Attribute Object
The Scope of a Mutex
Initializing a Mutex
Locking a Mutex
Lock with a Nonblocking Mutex
Destroying a Mutex
Mutex Lock Code Examples
Mutex Lock Example
Using Locking Hierarchies: Avoiding Deadlock
Nested Locking with a Singly Linked List
Solaris Mutex Locks
Condition Variable Attributes
Initializing a Condition Variable Attribute
Destoying a Condition Variable Attribute
The Scope of a Condition Variable
Initializing a Condition Variable
Block on a Condition Variable
Destroying a Condition Variable State
Solaris Condition Variables
Threads and Semaphores
POSIX Semaphores
Basic Solaris Semaphore Functions
Thread programming examples
Using
thr_create()
and
thr_join()
Arrays
Deadlock
Signal Handler
Interprocess Synchronization
The Producer / Consumer Problem
A Socket Server
Using Many Threads
Real-time Thread Example
POSIX Cancellation
Software Race Condition
Tgrep
: Threadeds version of UNIX
grep
Multithreaded Quicksort
Remote Procedure Calls (RPC)
What Is RPC
How RPC Works
RPC Application Development
Defining the Protocol
Defining Client and Server Application Code
Compliling and running the application
Overview of Interface Routines
Simplified Level Routine Function
Top Level Routines
Intermediate Level Routines
Expert Level Routines
Bottom Level Routines
The Programmer's Interface to RPC
Simplified Interface
Passing Arbitrary Data Types
Developing High Level RPC Applications
Defining the protocol
Sharing the data
The Server Side
The Client Side
Exercise
Protocol Compiling and Lower Level RPC Programming
What is
rpcgen
An
rpcgen
Tutorial
Converting Local Procedures to Remote Procedures
Passing Complex Data Structures
Preprocessing Directives
cpp Directives
Compile-Time Flags
Client and Server Templates
Example
rpcgen
compile options/templates
Recommended Reading
Exercises
Writing Larger Programs
Header files
External variables and functions
Scope of externals
Advantages of Using Several Files
How to Divide a Program between Several Files
Organisation of Data in each File
The Make Utility
Make Programming
Creating a makefile
Make macros
Running Make
Dave Marshall
1/5/1999