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GDK objects have either reference counting or destruction, but not both. Pixmaps, fonts, graphics contexts, and colormaps are purely reference counted. (gdk_gc_destroy() exists but is deprecated --- it's just a wrapper for gdk_gc_unref().) In general, reference counting is analagous to GtkObject reference counting. That is, objects start with a reference count of one; when the reference count reaches 0 then the object is destroyed.
Cursors and images are not reference counted; they simply have a destroy function. Some types represent static objects that are never destroyed; GdkVisual is the main example.
GdkWindow is the strange case; it's reference counted, but gdk_window_destroy()must be called at some point. The reference counting applies to the client-side GdkWindow handle; gdk_window_destroy() applies to the actual server-side object. See the section called GdkWindow for an explanation of the distinction. gdk_window_destroy() unreferences the client-side handle after it destroys the server-side object. It's safe to call any of the GdkWindow functions on a destroyed window that still has a reference count greater than zero; they will all return immediately without taking any action.
In practice this means that one section of code should "own" the GdkWindow; it will create the window, and hold the initial reference (remember that objects are created with a reference count of one). It will also call gdk_window_destroy() eventually, destroying the server-side object and removing the initial reference count. If no other code increases the count, the client-side handle will be freed. If some other code has increased the reference count with gdk_window_ref(), the client-side handle will remain safe to use but attempts to use it will have no effect. When the reference count is eventually decremented to zero, the client-side handle will be freed.
In GTK+, windows are generally created and destroyed by the same widget; if other widgets want to draw on the window, they increase the window's reference count.