History of an outer space exploration

The dream of achievement of other worlds is completely not new. Still in II in. Greek satirist Lukian has written a history about travel to moon though frankly recognized, that it was " the Truthful history " from the beginning up to the end consists of one fabrications. Other history about space travels was written by the German astronomer Johannes Kepler and published in 1634, already after his death. The hero of  Kepler falls to moon with the help of the certain obliging demon.

The first space rockets

Only presently space researches became practically possible. The plane which is having wings and flying in atmosphere of the Earth, may use usual engines, for example gas turbines in which the air inflow is necessary for combustion of fuel.

On space scales the atmosphere reaches not too highly. In space where there is no air, the engine which is not using air, i.e. the rocket installation is necessary for a flight vehicle. The propulsion of a rocket is created with a flow of gas.

The great pioneer of a theoretical astronautics  was the Russian scientist K.E.Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) was. His first activities about space flights have appeared in 1903 but then have not found the response. The Tsiolkovsky has understood, that firm kinds of fuel are not suit for space flights and has offered to use rocket engines on liquid fuel. К. Е. Tsiolkovsky was born in 1857 in the little town of in the province of Ryazan.

At the age of ten, he fell seriously ill and became almost deaf. He could not go to school and continued to study at home. When he was a boy of 14, he constructed a lot of different balloons.

At the age of 16 Tsiolkovsky was sent by his father to Moscow to study. He studied hard and three years later he came back home and earned his living by teaching mathematics at school.

 Tsiolkovsky made a great contribution to the theory of rocket flight. His works helped scientists to launch sputniks and space rockets into outer space.

 It's a pity that К. Е. Tsiolkovsky could not see Soviet sputniks, rockets and spaceships. He died on September 19, 1935.

 К. Tsiolkovsky was the first man who fully understood the | possibilities of rockets. People sometimes ask: why Tsiolkovsky ;. and not Jules Verne, who wrote of manned flight to the moon

long before Tsiolkovsky? The reason is that the French writer's , fantasy was the imagination of an artist. Tsiolkovsky was the first I man to give scientific basis to the exciting stories of space flight. I He gave cosmonautics its present form and become its founder.

 Tsiolkovsky's rocket, not Jules Verne's cannon opened the road into outer space.

The first rocket with the engine of such type was started in 1926 in USA of R.H.Goddardom (1882-1945). In a consequence above creation of liquid-propellent missiles with certain success the group of German experts in which structure Brown (1912-1977)  worked. During fascist Germany of its activity have got exclusively the military directivity. So the controlled shell "Fau-2"were used at last phase of  the second world war .

"Фау-2" the direct predecessor of modern American space rockets as after the termination(ending) of war the majority of German experts in this area have continued the activity in USA. In Soviet Union of activity in the field of rocket engineering the well-known designer and the scientist S.P.Korolev (1906-1966) has headed.

 From a satellite of the Earth before lunar landing 

To the beginning of 1950th years the rockets bearing(carrying) on board scientific instrumentation, have proved the utility for studying the upper atmosphere and, so to say "adjacent space". But thus became obvious, that the same problems would decide  an artificial satellite of the Earth much more effectively. The flight vehicle with the scientific instrumentation established on it, removed with the help of a rocket into steady orbit around of the Earth, should behave similarly to natural space bodies if, certainly it is outside its braking atmosphere.

The original beginning of a space age was marked by start of the first an artificial satellite, carried out in the USSR October, 4, 1957. The diameter of the first satellite was all about half of meter and, except for a radio transmitter, on it there was no scientific equipment, but its start has laid a way for all further researches. After it in Soviet Union some more satellites, and in 1958 the first satellite, "Explorer-1" were started, have put into orbit by the USA. From this satellite the information on radiation belts of the Earth was transferred.

The first space probes started to moon, also were Soviet. In January, 1959 near moon "Moon - 1" has passed. Within the same year two more automatic stations were started. One of them has made rough landing to moon, and another has flown about her(it) and has transmitted to the Earth of a photo of a back side of moon. In 1961г. has started first manned spacecraft " East - 1 " on which Jury Alekseevich Gagarin (1934-1968) has made a full revolution around of the Earth. By this time the idea of space researches began to concern with full gravity though even decades back frequently derided it.

In the beginning of 1960th years satellites of the Earth were created, capable to transmit high-performance photos of an earth surface and other various information. Them used and for the purposes of communication(connection). In 1962 satellite "Теlstar" the first active television space retransmitter was started.

The manned spacecrafts have appeared, capable to bear crew from two-three persons. Implementation of the program "Apollo" which purpose was landing of the person to a surface of moon began. The culmination moment of this program became flight of "Apollo - 11" in July, 1969; then first people -  Armstrong (1930) and Oldrin ( 1930) step into a surface of moon.

Researches of the Solar system

The first vehicle making flight successful flight to other planets was "Mariner-2" (USA) which have flown by in 1962 near Venus. In 1965 "Маринер-4" has reached Mars, and in 1971 "Mariner-9" was deduced on a low-altitude orbit around of Mars and has transmitted to the Earth of thousand high-performance photos of his(its) surface. In 1974 vehicle " Маriner-10 " has flown by near to two planets - Venus and Mercury. The first space vehicle sent to the Jove, "Pioneer - 10", has reached the purpose in 1973. In 1975 "Pioneer - 11" has passed near to Saturn. In the same 1975 the Soviet stations " Venus - 9 " и "Venus - 10" have transmitted to the Earth of a photo from surface of Venus which have shown, that she(it) completely not such as it was expected. Soviet vehicle " Mars - 3 " in 1971, American vehicles " Viking - 1 " и "Viking - 2" in 1976 have successfully landed on Mars.