Документ взят из кэша поисковой машины. Адрес оригинального документа : http://www.philol.msu.ru/~otipl/new/main/articles/daniel/ArchiHandout.pdf Дата изменения: Wed Nov 4 18:58:42 2009 Дата индексирования: Thu Dec 31 23:40:42 2009 Кодировка: Поисковые слова: m 13

ARCHI

1

Michael Daniel (Moscow State University)

1. Background on the structure of the case paradigm
a. Abstract Nom (Abs) Erg (=obl) Gen D at Comit Compar Subst C aus al Elect Equat (syntactic) cases - various markers -n -s (s) -u - u r - na -s i -q is -q di (ess) -a -q -t -- b. Locative subparadigm el lat all term -a -s -a -k -a -s i -a -k n a -q a -s -q a -k -q a -s i -q a -k n a -ti-s -ti-k -ti-si -ti-k na - a -s - a -k - a -s i - a -k n a -ra-s -ra-k -ra-si -ra-k na trans -a - u t -q a - u t -ti-ut - a - u t --

In Inter S up S ub Cont

Notes: 1. Subst `instead of' probably tends to be used with animate (inanimate use periphrastic construction. 2. Comit has a wide range of additional meanings. 3. Equat is primarily used in X c atliq di `in X language' 4. See below on comparative and elective.

Notes: 1. Terminative is used only once in the whole corpus (`up to thirteen'?). 2. Translative is almost never used (in the whole corpus, three uses on nouns and one on a place name, several times on `right' and `left', the rest on spatial adverbs, and not really in the translative meaning). 3. Cont does not exist in the essive. 4. In is identical to Erg in the plural (-aj). 5. In has some irregularities, such as irregular stems: no a `in the house', kura `in the hand', sebe `in the mouth'. 6. For many typical locations, the form classified as In by (Kibrik et al. 1977) is not an `In' neither semantically (not `inside a hollow space') nor formally: doraj `in the godekan', mac ij / mac aj / mazdaj `at the/a place', zulle `at the fountain', sobta `on the edge, bank', but'uta `at a different place', deq' u `on the way'.

c. HUMLOC ­mma According to (Kibrik et al 1977), another variant of IN specific to human nouns, basically because of its apparent complementary distribution with IN formation. However, there are strong indications that the form is based on the genitive, and thus is not, strictly speaking, the member of the locative sub-paradigm. (1) ju-w bosor as-ma n o -a w-i
this-1 man I.GEN-HUMLOC house-IN 1-be

This man is at my place. (2) ita,
t he n

an a ut

sumaj,

jur ann-u bo-so-li, n o -a -s i

jur an-n-a-k a-li.

from.there up.stream blanket-and 3-take.PFV-CVB blanket-OBL-IN-LAT

ucu-li,

zu-n-t u-ma

<1>throw.PFV-CVB self.OBL1-GEN-4-HUMLOC house-IN-ALL 1.carry.PFV-EVID

Then, going from there upstream, having taken a blanket and having put him into it, they went towards his place. In more regular morphonological situations, the -mma ending is explained as a combination of the genitive -n with HUMLOC -ma. (3) ita usmu bo-li za-m-ma-si zaba bo-li
then brother.OBL(ERG) say.PFV-CVB self.PL.OBL-GEN-HUMLOC-ALL come.IMP say.PFV-EVID

Then his brother told him: come to our place. (za-m-ma-si < za-n-ma-si) This -ma ending is identical to what Archi grammar calls `locative converb': (4) bari os-di-ma
dog

tenik - u hij-

b a -l l i

u

ac a

<3>stand-PFV-CVB.LOC there

field plough SAY(IMP)-CVB.IMP field 4.sow.IMP

Where the dog has stopped, plough and sow there.
1

The data are mostly acquired from the Archi Electronic Corpus, a project supported by NSF grant 0553546 and RGNF grant 05-06-80351 (Arkhipov, Daniel, Khoroshkina, Kibrik, Kodzasov). Some examples and many ideas come from (Kibrik, Kodzasov, Olovjannikova 1977). I am also grateful to Marina Chumakina for her comments.


Workshop on non-locative functions of spatial forms in East Caucasian Languages ­ Helsinki, 29 August 2009

2. Cont vs Humloc: struggling for personal space
Most important syntactic-like uses of Cont are connected to transfer: Recipient with no transfer of possession ("temporary" or "spatial" Recipient) (5) k an harak-du-t
most j ug

iq-n-a

ja-r

an n a
woman.OBL(ERG)

before-ATR-4 day-OBL-IN this-2

c ut bo- o-li

ju-w

oq er-mu-ra-k

dai-s

3-give.PFV-EVID this-1 pauper-OBL.1-CONT-LAT <3>hit-INF

On the (very) first day this woman gave this pauper a jug {of butter} to churn. Or, for elative, retrospective Possessors (`take from'): (6) jati- u-tu
up 1.stand.up-ATR.1

jo-w lo ita teb
this-1 lad then

lobur

liq i-li-ra-s e u - l i

o mu -s
NPL.

bo-li
say.PFV-CVB

thot.PL children eagle-OBL-CONT-EL

take.out-INF

c ut eku-li
j ug

aq -u-li

i-tu-t

hnu na
milk

oq a-li

<3>fall.PFV-CVB <3>break-PFV-EVID be-ATR-4 any

4.spill.PFV-CVB 4.go.PFV-EVID

The guy jumped and thought he'd take the chicken from the eagle, but the jug fell down and broke, and all the milk poured out. These `transfer' usages are common, but by far the most common one is the function of the Cont-Lat which is close to personal locative and thus competes with Humloc (see below). Note also that this form is almost unquely applied to human nouns; the rare exception is: (7) buc ic ab-e-ra-k sumij b-oq -ir-si edi

cow.PL- sheep-OBL.PL-CONT-LAT downstream HPL-go-IPFV-DEP AUX.PFV

Did you go down to the cattle? (in the corpus, occurs only in `to the cattle') More clearly spatial function of the Cont-Lative is represented in: (8) os bi -da-k edi-ma b a -q a sirwan-tu jat b-i-t-ib
on HPL-be-ATR-ATR.PL one place-IN-LAT PERSPL.arrive.PFV-CVB.LOC HPL-come.PFV shirvan-PL

marci izri azi-tu sa adutin-tu ummat deq u-k ba-q a
all Khizri Hazhi-PL Saaduttin-PL crowd

la-ra-k

road.IN-LAT HPL-come.PFV we.OBL-CONT-LAT(EXCL)

When we came to a certain place, Shirwan and all other bosses, everybody, Khizri Khazhi, Saaduttin, in a crowd came to meet us on the road. With the verb `to tie, fasten with a rope': (9) gungm-u bo-s-o-li
jug-and

du- ne-tu-r

ja-r

gungm-u et ni-li
<3>tie.PFV-CVB

3-hold-PFV-CVB 2-flee.PFV-ATR-2 this-2 jug-and

b -a q -u -l i

ba k on q art i-li

da -li-r-si

inz-aru du- ne-li

3-leave-PFV-EVID rope

roller.pin-OBL(ERG) door-OBL-CONT-ALL self-2.R 2-flee.PFV-EVID

She took a jug, tied it with a rope to the door and ran away. The only free and purely spatial function found in the whole corpus is as follows: (10) itilat a-b-u-na
joke

os-im-maj edi-li

jamu-r lo du angirl mill-

do-3-PFV-CVB other-ATR.PL-OBL.PL(ERG) that-2

halmu-ra-k

at -ar-si

owner.OBL-CONT-LAT push-SAY.IPFV-DEP <2>AUX.PFV-EVID

As a joke, the other (girls) were pushing this girl towards the miller.

2


Workshop on non-locative functions of spatial forms in East Caucasian Languages ­ Helsinki, 29 August 2009

In general, the use of HUMLOC highlights personal space (in most cases habitat), while LAT may refer to an adhoc location of a person. (11) jarul anna-m-ma-k de-q e-s an eti-qi-ra
be.half woman.OBL-GEN-HUMLOC-LAT 2-go-INF want 4.INCH.PFV-POT-INTRG

CONT-

to-r

osu-r-mi-s

thot-2 other-2-OBL-DAT

But would a woman be willing to go to live with her sister-in-law? (12) to-r-mi-m-ma do um-a-k eb q ' ij-t u edi
be.PFV that-2-OBL-GEN-HUMLOC cowshed-IN-LAT four- five-NPL

In her cowshed, there were four to five separate households. On the cont is lative, habitat other hand, there is also the absent) and in allative and the CONT is generalized, so and adhoc location of a perso
chest

formal factor: HUMLOC is common in the essive (where elative (where cont has metaphorical fucntions); in the that HUMLOC is rare and the difference between usual n is to a certain degree neutralized in the lative: q a -l i ita

(13) jamu-m k int um ba-a-li
that-3

3-take.PFV-CVB 1.come.PFV-EVID then

jo-w lo ja-r

anna-ra-k

this-1 lad this-2 woman.OBL-CONT-LAT

Then the guy brought the chest to that woman. (14) ali+ asat-li-ra-k
al i

sijt am-mul a -mul
NPL.

Ashat-OBL-CONT-LAT devil-PL

come-NMLZ

(A story about how) the devils came to Ali-Ashat (15) doba-ra-k dija-ra-k uti-ra, dija-ra-k uti-ra,
granny-CONT-LAT <1>go.POT-INTRG dad-CONT-LAT <1>go.POT-INTRG

uti-ra?

dad-CONT-LAT <1>go.POT-INTRG

Will you come to granny(`s lap), will you come to dad, will you come to dad? A summary of the competition of localizations `habitat' `adhoc location' metaphorical 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 . . . . . . . Both `essive'
HUMLOC HUMLOC

vs

CONT

in the human spatial domain `allative'
HUMLOC

motion `lative' `elative' (HUMLOC)
HUMLOC CONT-LAT CONT-EL

CONT-ALL

`transfer'

`addressee'

and allative, and keeps adhoc location in the lative while leaving it empty in elative and allative, while lacking it in the essive...

HUMLOC and CONT compete for human locatives, but CONT has a more general human spatial meaning, while HUMLOC only covers personal space except that CONT expands to personal space in lative CONT shift to various metaphorical usages in lative, elative

3


Workshop on non-locative functions of spatial forms in East Caucasian Languages ­ Helsinki, 29 August 2009

Additional usages of (16) za-ra-s

CONT

and

HUMLOC

:

c ut aq u
<3>break.PFV

I.OBL-CONT-EL jug

I broke a jug (unintentionally) (NB - elicited) (17) c ada-s cakar-er-si alamat eletu-r d-ikir,
Chwadab-EL chakar-QUOT-CVB miracle guest-2 2-be.ITER

jemim-e-m-ma-s

ba-a-li edi
P

that.PL-OBL.PL-GEN-EL 3-take-DE

<3>AUX.PFV

There was a good guest from Chwadab, she was called Chakar, (the bee) was bought from them. (18) buwa- dija-me-ra-k
mom

zari ka

ra t al+ a-b-u-qi-ra
s e nd do-3-PFV-POT-INTRG

dad-OBL.PL-CONT-LAT I.ERG paper

May be I should send them a letter? Also used with `call someone on the phone'

3. Super functions
Purely spatial usages include locations such as `on the top of a cliff' `in a tree' or `on a horse', as well as with (body)parts in some contexts: (19) w w malla nasurtin dogi-li-ti-s
oh oh malla nasurtin

iku

bo-li

donkey-OBL-SUP-EL <1>fall.PFV say.PFV-EVID

Uh-uh, Molla Nasreddin fell down from a donkey. jamu-t-u kun-ne-li q at i-li-ti-k e-di-li q adi-li
that-4-and 4.eat-PFV-CVB tree-OBL-SUP-LAT <2>climb-PFV-CVB <2>sit.down.PFV-EVID

She ate all that and climbed up a tree. (20) jamu-r-mi-n atum-li-ti-s d-aq --t u-si sot-or at u-r-si edi-li
that-2-OBL-GEN chest-OBL-SUP-EL bead-PL NPL.cut-IPFV-CVB

inzit d-a-r-si

2-leave.PFV-POT.NEG-NEG-CVB suffer 2-do-IPFV-DEP <2>AUX.PFV-EVID

They were taking the beads from her chest, were not leaving her alone. (21) aq-li-ti-k ati-tu-b nac kart i-li-ti-k b-ei-r
leg-OBL-SUP-LAT <3>let.PFV-ATR-3 louse head-OBL-SUP-LAT 3-climb-IPFV

Let a louse onto your leg, and it will climb up to your head. (22) ec-u-li g -ijru c ut jamu-r-mi-ti-k ac -u-li ja-r lo
4.pour-PFV-CVB jug that-2-OBL-SUP-LAT

hnu mis r-t-aj

whole-2.R some gold-PL-OBL.PL(ERG) <2>fill-PFV-EVID this-2 girl

He poured a jug onto her, and she became golden all over. (23) son-ni-ti-s sat-u o ni-li jamu os k a-li
back-OBL-SUP-EL skin.strip-and <3>go.out.PFV-CVB that.1 one 1.die.SG.PFV-EVID

He took the strip of skin out of the other one's back, and he died.

4


Workshop on non-locative functions of spatial forms in East Caucasian Languages ­ Helsinki, 29 August 2009

By its primary extension, it covers occupations, jobs, happenings, such as `to the pilgrimage', `to the court', `from the studies'; and some time constructions. (24) ma ja-b allu-wu wa-s, ari-li-t
take.IMP this-3 bread-and you.sg.OBL-DAT work-OBL-SUP

aq -u-t u-mat
<3>break-PFV-NEG-CVB.PROGR

bu-ken bocro-ti-k

jemim az

b-oq -ir-si
HPL-
edi-li

3-eat.IMP that.PL

>go-IPFV-DEP AUX.PFV-EVID

bocro-ti-s

aa-s

month.OBL-SUP-EL month.OBL-SUP-LAT pilgrimage <3>do-INF

Every month they went to the pilgramage and then were coming back home. (25) ha e u-li ja-r lo os t nna sa al-li-ti-s
well <2>wake.up.PFV-EVID this-2 girl one a.little time-OBL-SUP-EL

Some time later the girl woke up. Idiomatic case frames include: SUP-LAT with `be called' (lit. `onto him the name is'), `look at', `attack', `trust to': (26) usdo-r-tu sin-t aw, wa-ti-k c or k i-ri bo-li
brother-QUOT-ATR.1 know-NEG.CVB you.sg.OBL-SUP-LAT name who-INTRGALT say.PFV-EVID

Not knowing that he was his brother, he said ­ what is your name? (27) a-b dogi-li-t-a c u ba -tu-b mezde- u un wiza-t k e- r wiiti-t aw,
this-3 white-ATR-3 beard.OBL-COMIT I.OBL-SUP believe <1>BECOME.PFV-CVB.NEG

donkey-OBL-SUPER-INTRG you.sg believe 1.BECOME-IPFV

You don't believe me, with such a white beard, can it be that you believe the donkey? Super-elative and more rarely super-essive are used to refer to some sorts of Stimuli/Causes: (28) marci tij-me-n mu-kul-li-ti-s ajran eti
al l thot.PL.OBL-OBL.PL-GEN be.beautifulNMLZ-OBL-SUP-EL

amaze

become.PFV

Everyone was amazed by their beauty. (29) du i-li-ti-s er hani
quarrel-OBL-SUP-EL profit what

Does it make sense to quarrel? (30) araq i-li-ti-s qan a iti-tu w-e u-r
vodka-OBL-SUP-EL be.drunk <1>INCH.PFV-ATR.1 1-wake.up-IPFV

One who is drunk with vodka will sleep it through (lit. wake up) Transformative meaning: (31) ita n o -a bat-li-ti-s
t he n house-IN horn-OBL-SUP-EL

lap mu-tu

bu-tu

q amar-tu

lo iti-li

very be.beautiful-ATR.1 be.tall-ATR.1 be.deft-ATR.1 lad <1>become.PFV-EVID

Then, at home, the Horn turned into a very beautiful, tall, deft young man. (32) me le-tu laha-ti-s bimusur uw-qi
male-ATR.1 boy.OBL-SUP-EL(1) brave.man(NOM,1) 1.do.PFV-POT

I will bring up the boy as a brave man. (33) ja-t pirci -li-ti-s na a
4.do(IMP)

to-t

wa-ra-k

o-tu-t-u-kun-nu-t

this-4 mud-OBL-SUP-EL thot-4 you.sg.OBL-CONT-LAT 4.give-ATR-4-and-SIMILAR-ATR-4

temmetu-t he
thus.ATR-4 t hi ng

Out of mud, form a lump size of the thing that was given to you. 5


Workshop on non-locative functions of spatial forms in East Caucasian Languages ­ Helsinki, 29 August 2009

4. Comparative -ur ­ the missing Ad/Apud?
(Kibrik et al. 1977) qualifies -ur as comparative, the case of the benchmark in nominal comparative constructions. (34) wallah malla nasurtin bo-li
by.god malla nasurtin

wa-ur bo-li

d z-ib

b -i

say.PFV-EVID you.sg.OBL-CMPR big-ATR.PL HPL-be

bo-li

jasqi suta

zaba

say.PFV-EVID today tomorrow come.IMP say.PFV-EVID

Wallah, Molla Nasreddin, they told, today there are people bigger (i.e. more important) than you, come again tomorrow. Other uses are also frequent, like exchange equivalent: (35) os laha-ur u-r-tu lo idi-t u w-is
one lad.obl-cmpr 1.give-ipfv -atr.1 lad <1>be.pfv -neg 1 -i.gen

My son is not someone to be given for yours. (36) to-t duij edi-li jok ic i o u -n a jok ic i-li-ur a-r-si z mam-mul edi-li harasi he n a n a -s
there-EL this-4 rhododendron 4.sell.PFV-CVB rhododendron-obl-cmpr thing

a -n a

emena jemmet b t erbaqi
t hus

upstream 4.carry-CVB ?

make.one's.living 4.do-IPFV-DEP

alimes

za ip-d-ib

4.AUX.PFV-EVID family-OBL.PL-DAT poor-ATR-ATR.PL time-PL

be-EVID before

After selling this rhododendron, after having brought something from there for it, that is the way how one used to help one's family to survive, bad times were these. (37) bara, jamu-b gatu acu-t aw,
behold that-3 cat <3>kill.PFV-CVB.NEG

b - ez
3-I.DAT

b -o a
3-sell.IMP

ja-t
this-4

arsi-li-ur
money-OBL-CMPR

Hold on, give this cat to me in exchange for these money, don't kill it! Also, some quasi-spatial circumstancial usages such as bocrour `under the moon(light)' and some Stimulus / Causal meanings metaphorically derived from them are attested: (38) waji bo iqluw-wu kuwsaral-li-ur-u lib t1o-ra bo
wajo say.PFV daily-and Kawsarat-OBL-CMPR be.shy not-INTRG say.PFV

Oh, I said, aren't you shy of Kawsarat all the time? (39) eme-ur it eti-tu-t os
woman.PL-CMPR lose- become.PFV-ATR-4 wealth

The wealth lost because of the women. (40) dogi laq - a-r-ma oq a-li
4.go.PFV-EVID

q i - bo-tu lo-wu
child-and

jamu dogi-li-n jamu-m-mi-n
that-1-OBL-GEN

o c o ni-li
4.go.out.PFV-CVB

donkey finish 4.do-IPFV-CVB.LOC yell

say.PFV-ATR.1 that.1

donkey-OBL-GEN tail

a n n a -n
woman.OBL-GEN

li+ eti-li
spoil 4.INCH.PFV-EVID

q i -t i-li-ur
yell-NMLZ-OBL-CMPR

Trying to save the donkey, he yelled, and because of this yell the donkey's tail went loose and the child in the woman's womb was miscarried. But most frequent, in everyday speech if not in the texts, is the comitative/spatial usage: (41) eb-bos-du-t no s-or-ce-n iq-n-a irqi-li-ur ju-w lo kus a-b-u-t u-t-ib t al- uw-li
three-ORD-ATR-4 day-OBL-IN this-1 lad habit do-3-PFV-NEG-ATR-ATR.PL horse-PL-OBL.PL-GEN horse.troop-OBL-CMPR send 1.do.PFV-EVID

On the third day, he sent the boy with a herd of untamed horses. 6


Workshop on non-locative functions of spatial forms in East Caucasian Languages ­ Helsinki, 29 August 2009

(42) bosor-ce-ur ummar acu
life <3>carry.out.PFV

uq a-li,

q e-t u ib-t u san-n-a, bosor-ce-ur
three-4 year calf.OBL-OBL.PL-CMPR

calf.OBL-OBL.PL-CMPR 1.go.PFV-CVB two-4

Two, three years he was looking after the calfs, he lived like that. In one case, this meaning is conveyed by an adverbial-like form with unidentifiable lexical source but with the same formative: (43) dija u du-si w-ikir, dija u du-si, c ab-e-ur, aur
father shepherd-CVB 1-be.ITER father shepherd-CVB sheep.PL-OBL.PL-CMPR sheep.PL.CMPR

My father was a shepherd. In this meaning, the comparative is sometimes substitable with comitative: (44) jasa ja-b am-nu-b
now

irqi-li- u

t al uw-emc is

al i

ju-w

this-3 arrogant-ATR-3 horse.herd-OBL-COMIT send 1.do.PFV-COND 1.be.better this-1

Now it is better to send him with this restive horse herd. To a certain extent, -ur fills the slot of Ad/Apud localization present in many other East Caucasian languages, but absent from Archi. Note that the `adverbial-like' form is unexpectedly close to stative verbs, combining with "locative converb" ­ aurma `while/where he was herding sheep', aurmas `from where he was herding sheep' ­ forms impossible for other nominals, including comparative case forms. Note also that ­ur is also probably present in one of the common temporal converbs in ­muur (sequential converb).

5. Other uses
Dative as a target Although the dative seems to be a highly syntactic case in Archi (as compared to some other East Caucasian languages), it has some vestigial spatial usages; namely, as a locus of contact (`hit') or target (`throw at'): (45) tij-maj to-t k os eka-s a -s k uan dai-r-si edi-li kul-li-s

thot.PL.OBL-OBL.PL(ERG) stick thot-4 knife 4.fall-INF 4.do-INF

4.hit-2-DEP 4.AUX.PFV-EVID hand-OBL-DAT

They hit (him) on his hand with a stick, to make (him) drop the knife. (46) us-di-tu-t q ec- bo-li sa al-li-t oq a-li ita ju-w gurzi-li-n to-r laha-s os gon
1.stand-PFV-ATR-4 time-OBL-SUP then this-1 georgian-OBL-GEN one finger

itilat b-a-r-ma
3 -do-IPFV-CVB.LOC

push say.PFV -CVB <3>go.PFV-EVID thot-2 girl.OBL-DAT joke

Meanwhile, the Georgian pushed the girl with his finger, by ways of a joke. (47) nac -a a n s c a -u -l i ju-w-mi-s
bird-OBL(ERG) apple 4.drop-PFV-EVID this-1-OBL-DAT

And the bird threw an apple at him. temporary Possessor - comitative (48) ju-w-mu- u pinka edi-li jamu-t dai-s bij+ e -u-li
4.hit-INF start

ju-w

this-1-OBL.1-COMIT big.knife 4.be.PFV-EVID that-4

<1>lay-PFV-EVID this-1

He had a Finnish knife with him, he started stabbing (them) with it. 7


Workshop on non-locative functions of spatial forms in East Caucasian Languages ­ Helsinki, 29 August 2009

Instrument ­ ergative or comitative (49) wa-s marzu-t an-kul gulla-li
you.sg.OBL-DAT clean-4

a c a -s

an han-er

want-NMLZ bullet-OBL(ERG) 4.kill-INF want what-INTRGALT.RPRT

What, they said, you want to kill a pure love wih a bullet? Same marking is used for the filling stuff with `fill': (50) jamu-t lagum ko-mur
that-4 s ong

marci-me-n

nibqi

l ur

4.hear.PFV-SEQ all-OBL.PL-GEN tear.OBL(ERG) eye(PL)

c -u -l i
NPL.

edi

fill-PFV-DEP NPL.AUX.PFV

When they heard this song, everybody's eyes were filled with tears. There are one or two examples in the whole corpus where the comitative is used (51) ita tob
t he n

mar u

da - da-k-a
2-BECOME-IMP

this-3 whip-COMIT beat

Then lash her with this whip! Causee - no special marking. Archi lacks morphological causative formation; when combining the lexical verb with as `do' or ak'as `cause', the construction remains biclausal. Stimulus with `be afraid' and `flee from' - Sub-el. Also Cause? cf.: (52) jammu-t-mi- i-s kana-si obsi alq so rtal au-li
that-4-OBL-SUB-EL there-ALL all

edi

people together do.PFV-DEP AUX.PFV

And that was because of that that all the people were gathered. Inter-el vs Elect: although a special case is claimed to fulfill in (Kibrik 1977), the evidence is weak because the case looks which elective function seems to be attested in other East consultants doubt about the vowel, and in some texts Inter-El is this strange case with a quite peculiar function also looks susp element ­di is unindentifiable. Archi the elective function by suspiciously like Inter-El for Caucasian languages. Some used in such contexts. Equat: iciously close to inter, but the

6. The distribution of non-spatial usages between spatial forms in sub, inter super cont "ad"/comparative dative, comitative
ABSTRACT DOMAIN

SPATIAL DOMAIN

8