en de toiV kata Barrwna ton filosofon xronoiV, andra Rwmaiwn en istoria bubliakwtaton, hn TaroutioV etairoV autou, filosofoV men allwV kai maqhmatikoV, aptomenoV de thV peri ton pinaka meqodou qewriaV eneka kai dokwn en auth perittoV einai. toutw proubalen o Barrwn anagagein thn Rwmulou genesin eiV hmeran kai wran, ek twn legomenwn apotelesmatwn peri ton andra poihsamenon ton sullogismon, wsper ai twn gewmetrikwn ufhgountai problhmatwn analuseiV: thV gar authV qewriaV einai, xronon te labontaV anqrwpou genesewV bion proeipein, kai biw doqenti qhreusai xronon. epoihsen oun to prostaxqen o TaroutioV, kai ta te paqh kai ta erga tou androV epidwn, kai xronon zwhV kai tropon teleuthV kai panta ta toiauta sunqeiV, eu mala teqarrhkotwV kai andreiwV apefhnato, thn men en th mhtri tou Rwmulou gegonenai sullhyin etei prwtw thV deuteraV olumpiadoV en mhni kat' AiguptiouV Xoiak trith kai eikadi trithV wraV, kaq' hn o hlioV ecelipe pantelwV, thn d' emfanh gennhsin en mhni Qwuq hmera prwth met' eikada peri hliou anatolaV: ktisqhnai de thn Rwmhn up' autou th enath Farmouqi mhnoV istamenou metacu deuteraV wraV kai trithV. epei kai polewV tuxhn wsper anqrwpou kurion exein oiontai xronon, ek thV prwthV genesewV proV taV twn asterwn epoxaV qewroumenon. alla tauta men iswV kai ta toiauta tw cenw kai perittw prosacetai mallon h dia to muqwdeV enoxlhsei touV entugxanontaV autoiV."
27. "Hfanisqh de nwnaiV IouliaiV wV nun onomazousin, wV de tote, KuntiliaiV, ouden eipein bebaion oud' omologoumenon puqesqai peri thV teleuthV apolipwn, all' h ton xronon, wV proeirhtai. dratai gar eti nun omoia tw tote paqei polla kata thn hmeran ekeinhn. ou dei de qaumazein thn asafeian, opou SkhpiwnoV Afrikanou meta deipnon oikoi teleuthsantoV ouk esxe pistin oud' elegxon o tropoV thV teleuthV, all' oi men automatwV onta fusei noswdh kamein legousin, oi d' auton uf' eautou farmakoiV apoqanein, oi de touV exqrouV thn anapnohn apolabein autou nuktwr pareispesontaV. kaitoi Skhpiwn ekeito nekroV emfanhV idein pasi, kai to swma pareixe pasin orwmenon upoyian tina tou paqouV kai katanohsin: Rwmulou d' afnw metallacantoV oute meroV wfqh swmatoV oute leiyanon esqhtoV. all' oi men eikazon en tw ierw tou Hfaistou touV bouleutaV epanastantaV autw kai diafqeirantaV, neimantaV to swma kai meroV ekaston enqemenon eiV ton kolpon ecenegkein: eteroi d' oiontai mht' en tw ierw tou Hfaistou mhte monwn twn bouleutwn parontwn genesqai ton afanismon, alla tuxein men ecw peri to kaloumenon aigoV ( zorkoV) eloV ekklhsian agonta ton Rwmulon, afnw de qaumasta kai kreittona logou peri ton aera paqh genesqai kai metabolaV apistouV: tou men gar hliou to fwV eklipein, nukta de katasxein ou praeian oud' hsuxon, alla brontaV te deinaV kai pnoaV anemwn zalhn elaunontwn pantaxoqen exousan: en de toutw ton men polun oxlon skedasqenta fugein, touV de dunatouV sustrafhnai met' allhlwn: epei d' elhcen h taraxh kai to fwV ecelamye, kai twn pollwn eiV tauto palin sunerxomenwn zhthsiV hn tou basilewV kai poqoV, ouk ean touV dunatouV ecetazein oude olupragmonein, alla timan parakeleuesqai pasi kai sebesqai Rwmulon, wV anhrpasmenon eiV qeouV kai qeon eumenh genhsomenon autoiV ek xrhstou basilewV."
29. "legetai de RwmuloV tesara men eth kai penthkonta gegonwV, ogdoon de basileuwn ekeino kai triakoston, ec anqrwpwn afanisqhnai."

27. "He disappeared on the Nones of July, as they now call the month which was then Quintilis, leaving nothing of certainty to be related of his death; only the time, as just mentioned, for on that day many ceremonies are sill performed in representation of what happened. Neither is this uncertainty to be thought strange, seeing the manner of the death of Scipio Africanus, who died at his own home after supper, has been found capable neither of proof or disproof; for some say he died a natural death, being of a sickly habit; others that he poisoned himself; others again, that his enemies, breaking in upon him in the night stifled him. Yet Scipio's dead body lay open to be seen of all, and any one, from his own observation, might form his suspicions and conjectures, whereas Romulus, when he vanished, left neither the least part of his body, nor any remnant of his clothes to be seen. So that some fancied the senators, having fallen upon him in the temple of Vulcan, cut his body into pieces, and took each a part away in his bosom; others think his disappearance was neither in the temple of Vulcan, nor with the senators only by, but that it came to pass that, as he was haranguing the people without the city, near a place called the Goat's Marsh, on a sudden strange and unaccountable disorders and alterations took place in the air; the face of the sun was darkened, and the day turned into night, and that, too, no quiet, peaceable night, but with terrible thunderings, and boisterous winds from all quarters; during which the common people dispersed and fled, but the senators kept close together. The tempest being over and the light breaking out, when the people gathered again, they missed and inquired for their king; the senators suffered them not to search, or busy themselves about the matter, but commanded them to honour and worship Romulus as one taken up to the gods, and about to be to them, in the place of a good prince, now a propitious god."

29. "It was in the fifty-fourth year of his age and the thirty-eighth of his reign that Romulus, they tell us, left the world."

"OutoV o toisi Ludoisi esti maxesamenoV ote nuV h hmerh egeneto sfi maxomenoisi, kai o thn AluoV potamou anw Asihn pasan susthsaV ewutw."

"On the death of Phraortes his son Cyaxares ascended the throne. Of him it is reported that he was still more war-like than any of his ancestors, and that he was the first who gave organisation to an Asiatic army, dividing the troops into companies, and forming distinct bodies of the spea-rmen, the archers, and the cavalry, who before his time had been mingled in one mass, and confused together. He it was who fought against the Lydians on the occasion when the day was changed suddenly into night, and who brought under his dominion the whole of Asia beyond the Halys. This prince, collecting together all the nations which owned his sway, marched against Nineveh, resolved to avenge his father, and cherishing a hope that he might succeed in taking the town. A battle was fought, in which the Assyrians suffered a defeat, and Cyaxares had already begun the siege of the place, when a numerous horde of Scyths, under their king Madyes, son of Prtotohyes, burst into Asia in pursuit of the Cimmerians whom they had driven out of Europe, and entered the Median territory."

"In the first days of this spring, the stream of fire issued from Etna, as on former occasions, and destroyed some land of the Catanians, who live upon Mount Etna, which is the largest mountain in Sicily. Fifty years, it is said, had elapsed since the last eruption, there having been three in all since the Hellenes have inhabited Sicily. Such were the events of this winter; and with it ended the sixth year of this war, of which Thucydides was the historian."

"And when all were in readiness, and none of the enemy had observed them, not expecting such a thing, the moon was eclipsed in the night, to the great fright of Nicias and others, who, for want of experience, or out of superstition, felt alarm at such appearances. That the sun might be darkened about the close of the month, this even ordinary people now understood pretty well to be the effect of the moon; but the moon itself to be darkened, how that could come about, and how, on the sudden, a broad full moon should lose her light, and show such various colours, was not easy to be comprehended; they concluded it to be ominous, and a divine intimation of some heavy calamities. For he who the first, and the most plainly of any, and with the greatest assurance committed to writing how the moon is enlightened and overshadowed, was Anaxagoras; and he was as yet but recent, nor was his argument much known, but was rather kept secret, passing only amongst a few, under some kind of caution and confidence."

"And a general assembly of the people of Syracuse and their confederates sitting, Eurycles, the popular leader, moved, first, that the day on which they took Nicias should from thenceforward be kept holiday by sacrificing and forbearing all manner of work, and from the river he called the Asinarian Feast. This was the twenty-sixth day of the month Carneus, the Athenian Metagitnion."

It was near this date, and at about the time of an eclipse of the sun, that Lycophron of Pherae, who wanted to make himself ruler of all Thessaly, defeated in battle those among the Thessalians who opposed him, namely the Larisaeans and others, and slew many of them."

Mutiny was but a step away when, unperturbed by all this, Alexander summoned a full meeting of his generals and officers in his tentand ordered the Egyptian seers (whom he believered to possess expert knowledge of the sky and the stars) to give their opinion. They were well aware that the annual cycle follows a pattern of changes, that the moon is eclipsed when it passes behind the earth or is blocked by the sun, but they did not give this explanation, which they themselves knew, to the common soldiers. Instead, they declared that the sun represented the Greeks and the moon the Persians, and that an eclipse of the moon predicted disaster and slaughter for those nations. They then listed examples from history of of Persian kings whom a lunar eclipse had demonstrated to have fought without divine approval. Nothing exercises greater control over the masses than superstition. Usually ungovernable, cruel and capricious, when they are gripped by superstition they obey prophets more readily than their generals. Thus the dissemination of the Egyptians' responses restored hope and confidence to the didpirited soldiers. The king felt he should exploit this surge of confidence, and at the second watch he moved camp, keeping the Tigris on his right and the so-called Gordyaean Mountains on his left." 

"[...] Agathocles etiam, quum jam ab hoste apprimeretur, nocte superveniente, quod minime sperasset, evadit. Postridie tantum fit solis eclipsis deliquum, ut stellis ubique apparentibus, omnio noctis instar esset. Quamobrem a naumine difficultatem sibi portendi Agathoclis milites rati, in majore super futuris anxietate erant."

"...  Solem quis dicere falsum
Audeat? Ille etiam caecos instare tumultus
Saepe monet fraudemque et operta tumescere bella.
Ille etiam extincto miseratus Caesare Romam,
Cum caput obscuro nitidum ferrugine texit,
Impiaque aeternam timuerunt saecula noctem.
Tempore quamquam illo tellus quoque et aequora ponti, 
Obscenaeque canes importunaeque uolucres 
Signa dabant. quotiens Cyclopum efferuere in agros 
Uidimus undantem ruptis fornacibus Aetnam, 
Fflammarumque globos liquefactaque uoluere saxa!"

[See Peter J. Bicknell, Volcanic Veil of the 40s B.C., Ancient History Bulletin 7, 1993 on the cause of darkness in 44a.d. - there was no eclipse but mighty volcano eruption]

"That terrible night which threatened an explosion of crime was tranquillised by a mere accident. Suddenly in a clear sky the moon's radiance seemed to die away. This the soldiers in their ignorance of the cause regarded as an omen of their condition, comparing the failure of her light to their own efforts, and imagining that their attempts would end prosperously should her brightness and splendour be restored to the goddess. And so they raised a din with brazen instruments and the combined notes of trumpets and horns, with joy or sorrow, as she brightened or grew dark. When clouds arose and obstructed their sight, and it was thought she was buried in the gloom, with that proneness to superstition which steals over minds once thoroughly cowed, they lamented that this was a portent of never-ending hardship, and that heaven frowned on their deeds."

    Matthew:
"27:45 Now from the sixth hour there was darkness over all the land unto the ninth hour.
 27:46 And about the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, saying, Eli, Eli, lama sabachthani? that is to say, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?
 27:47 Some of them that stood there, when they heard that, said, This man calleth for Elias.
 27:48 And straightway one of them ran, and took a spunge, and filled it with vinegar, and put it on a reed, and gave him to drink.
 27:49 The rest said, Let be, let us see whether Elias will come to save him.
 27:50 Jesus, when he had cried again with a loud voice, yielded up the ghost.
 27:51 And, behold, the veil of the temple was rent in twain from the top to the bottom; and the earth did quake, and the rocks rent;
 27:52 And the graves were opened; and many bodies of the saints which slept arose, "
    Mark:
"15:33 And when the sixth hour was come, there was darkness over the whole land until the ninth hour.
  15:34 And at the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, saying, Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani? which is, being interpreted, My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?
 15:35 And some of them that stood by, when they heard it, said, Behold, he calleth Elias.
 15:36 And one ran and filled a spunge full of vinegar, and put it on a reed, and gave him to drink, saying, Let alone; let us see whether Elias will come to take him down.
 15:37 And Jesus cried with a loud voice, and gave up the ghost.
 15:38 And the veil of the temple was rent in twain from the top to the bottom."
    Luke:
"23:44 And it was about the sixth hour, and there was a darkness over all the earth until the ninth hour.
 23:45 And the sun was darkened, and the veil of the temple was rent in the midst.
 23:46 And when Jesus had cried with a loud voice, he said, Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit: and having said thus, he gave up the ghost."

Eusebius (Synkellos)
"IhsouV o XristoV o uioV tou qeou, o kurioV hmwn, kata taV peri autou profhteiaV epi to paqoV prohei etouV iq thV Tiberiou basileiaV, kaq on kairon kai en alloiV men EllhnikoiV upomnhmasin euromen istoroumena kata lexin tauta o hlioV exelipe Biqunia eseisqh NikaiaV to polla epeden a kai sunadei toiV peri to paqoV tou swthroV hmwn sumbebhkosi grafei de kai Flegwn o taV OlumpiadaV grayaV peri twn autwn en ta ig' rhmasin autoiV tade tw d' etei thV sb' olumpiadoV egeneto ekleiyiV hliou megiseh twn egnwrismenwn proteron, kai nux wra ekth thV hmeraV egeneto wste kai asteraV en ouranw fanhnai. seismoV te megaV kata Biqunian genomenoV ta polla NikaiaV katestreyato. kai tauta men o dhlwqeiV anhr. tekmhrion d an genoito tou kata tode to etoV peponqenai ton swthra h tou kuriou kata Iwannhn euaggeliou marturia, htiV meta to ie' etoV Tiberiou trieth cronon thV didaskaliaV autou diagenesqai marturei ..."

27. At the close of that year Valerius Asiaticus and Marcus Silanus became consuls, the former for a second time. "

[Suetonius says that the birthday of Claudius was August 1]

Dio Cassius, LX, 29
"1. en de tw exhV etei o te KlaudioV to tetartoV kai OuitellioV LoukioV to triton oktakosiostou th Rwmh etouV ontoV upateusan. ... 7. anefanh de kai nhsidion ti en tw etei toutw para th Qhra th nhsw, ouk on proteron."

L.Seneca, "Naturales quaestiones", II, 26, 6; VI, 21, 1;
"Idem nostra memoria Valerio Asiatico consule iterum accidit."
"Theren et Therasiam et hanc nostrae aetatis insulam, spectantibus nobis in Aegaeo mari natam ..."

Tacitus, "The Annals", XIII, 41
"Corbulo then encamped on the spot, and considered whether he should push on his legions without their baggage to Artaxata and blockade the city, on which, he supposed, Tiridates had fallen back. [...] Then too there was a wonderful
occurrence, almost a divine interposition. While the whole space outside the town, up to its buildings, was bright with sunlight, the enclosure within the walls was suddenly shrouded in a black cloud, seamed with lightning-flashes, and thus the city was thought to be given up to destruction, as if heaven was wroth against it."

"(Tiberiano et Dione). His conss. tenebrae fuerunt inter diem et eo anno levati sunt Constantius et Maximus Cesares die Kal. Mart."

"(Licinio V et Crispo Caesare). His conss. tenebrae fuerunt inter diem hora IX."

"Egeneto de kai seismoV en Kampania, kai katepesan poleiV ig. kai ekleiyiV hliou gegonen wra g thV hmeraV, wste kai asteraV en ouranw fanhnai."

"Arcadio V et Honorio v. His conss. solis facta defectio III id. Novemb."

"Nec prognostica defuere anno, qui eius obitum antecessit, veluti defectus solis  tantus, ut interdiu nox videretur. Tenebrae enim ingruebant gravissimae, ut astra etiam in coelo apparerent. Accidit hoc, cum sol versaretur in capricorno, in  cardine orientali. Praeterea aliam quoque eclipsin solis adnotarunt scriptores Ephemeridum futuram anno proximo exacto [...]"

"Tunc et sol teter apparuit, ita ut vix ab eo pars vel tertia eluceret, credo pro tantis sceleribus et effusione sanguinis innocentes."

AU591,AT: "Defectio solis .i. mane tenebrosum", 
AU592: "Matutina tenebrosa", 
CS590: "Defectus solis, [mane] tenebrosum [tenbrarum]"
AT "Defectio solis ... .i. mane tenebrosum",
AI594 "Defectio solis in matutina hora"