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Introduction astorb.dat is an ASCII file of high-precision osculating orbital elements, ephemeris uncertainties, and some additional data for all the numbered asteroids and the vast majority of unnumbered asteroids (multi-apparition and single-apparition) for which it is possible to make reasonably determinate computations. It is currently about 26.8 Mb in size in its compressed form (astorb.dat.gz), 98.4 Mb in size when decompressed (astorb.dat), and contains 367090 orbits computed by me (Edward Bowell). Each orbit, based on astrometric observations downloaded from the Minor Planet Center, occupies one 266-column record.
Special Features of astorb.dat There are three primary differences between our database and conventional asteroid orbit files.
First, we update the database daily. Thus, observations in each new batch of Minor Planet Circulars will be used in new orbits on a monthly basis, and those in the Minor Planet Electronic Circulars shortly after they are published. Other changes, such as the addition of orbits resulting from our own astrometric observations and the computation of current ephemeris uncertainties, are being made on a quasi-daily basis. Automatic daily updates commence at 8 hr UT. The updating process is generally completed by 10:00 UT. On the UT date of full Moon, the updating process is not completed until 14 hr UT or later.
Second, all the orbits in a given version of the file have an epoch of osculation near the present. Consequently, the ephemerides of most non-Earth-approaching asteroids can be computed to arcsec accuracy or better within ± 50 days of the epoch using a 2-body ephemeris program.
Third, current and future ephemeris uncertainties are given. Observers will readily be able to estimate whether asteroids are likely to be within their telescopes' fields of view, and they will better be able to prioritize astrometric targets.
Landmarks For a reverse chronological listing of significant changes to the database, click here.
Downloading astorb.dat The file may be obtained by the following means:
your email address
gzip
. To decompress the file (which will result in file
astorb.dat), type
gzip
code is available at
prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/gzip-1.2.4.tar (UNIX version) and
prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/gzip-1.2.4.msdos.exe (DOS version).
The gzip
software accommodates both the gzip
and the gunzip
commands.
your email address
Incremental update files
In response to users who have difficulty downloading the complete
astorb.dat (see above for instructions), we have instituted (9 October
1996) a method of logging daily changes in the orbital elements therein.
Users will find files such as yymmdd.add and yymmdd.del in our public
ftp area accessible from the WWW. These cover update activities for the
past 30 days or more. Thus, 961007.add comprises records for asteroids
whose orbital elements were either added to or replaced in astorb.dat on
7 October 1996; and 960930.del contains records for asteroids whose
orbits were deleted from astorb.dat on 30 September 1996. Note the
following: (1) The *.add files are refreshed every day. Thus, an orbit
that was replaced on, say, 961001 and then again on 961002 will be found
only in the 961002.add file on or after the latter date. (2) The *.add
files reflect changes in orbital elements only. Changes to other
parameters (such as H, G, and integer codes), as well as daily updates
of ephemeris uncertainties, are not reported in the *.add files. Users
who are interested in the latter should download the entire astorb.dat.
To download the *.add and *.del files, add the commands
ftp>mget *.add
ftp>mget *.del
to the ftp instructions above.
File Structure Here are two sample records (with one line of parameter numbers above and three lines of column counts below):
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 1 Ceres E. Bowell 3.34 0.12 0.72 913.0 G? 1693 Hertzsprung E. Bowell 10.97 0.15 0.74 39.5 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) 0 0 0 0 0 0 56959 4750 19960427 80.477333 71.802404 80. 0 0 0 0 0 0 20972 25 19960427 322.276332 234.698906 70. 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) 659857 10.600303 0.07604100 2.76788714 19960414 2.3E-02 1.4E-04 199 393559 11.942428 0.27460300 2.79629204 19950513 9.0E-01 7.9E-03 199 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 (23) (24) (25) 60416 2.7E-02 19960530 3.1E-02 20040111 3.1E-02 20040111 60416 1.2E+00 19960610 1.3E+00 20010812 9.0E-01 20010813 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 6 12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456
A FORTRAN format statement for reading a record in astorb.dat is:
A6,1X,A18,1X,A15,1X,A5,1X,F5.2,1X,A4,1X,A5,1X,A4,
1X,6I4,1X,
2I5,1X,I4,2I2.2,3(1X,F10.6),F10.6,1X,F10.8,
1X,F12.8,1X,I4,2I2.2,1X,F7.2,1X,F8.2,1X,I4,2I2,3(1X,F7.2,1X,I4,2I2)
Note that some numerical data (e.g., asteroid number) are encoded as character variables. You may need to decode them.
Parameters are:
Parameter | Description |
---|---|
(1) | Asteroid number (blank if unnumbered). |
(2) | Name or preliminary designation. |
(3) | Orbit computer. |
(4) | Absolute magnitude H, mag [see E. Bowell et al., pp. 549-554, in "Asteroids II", R. P. Binzel et al. (eds.), The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1989 and more recent Minor Planet Circulars]. Note that H may be given to 2 decimal places (e.g., 13.41), 1 decimal place (13.4) or as an integer (13), depending on its estimated accuracy. H is given to two decimal places for all unnumbered asteroids, even though it may be very poorly known. |
(5) | Slope parameter G ( ibid.). |
(6) | Color index B-V, mag (blank if unknown; see E. F. Tedesco, pp. 1090-1138, op. cit. ). |
(7) | IRAS diameter, km (blank if unknown; see E. F. Tedesco et al., pp. 1151-1161, op.cit.). |
(8) | IRAS Taxonomic classification (blank if unknown; ibid.). |
(9) | Six integer codes (see table of explanation below). Note that not all codes have been correctly computed. |
(10) | Orbital arc, days, spanned by observations used in orbit computation. |
(11) | Number of observations used in orbit computation. |
(12) | Epoch of osculation, yyyymmdd (TDT). The epoch is the Julian date ending in 00.5 nearest the date the file was created. Thus, as the file is updated, epochs will succeed each other at 100-day intervals on or after Julian dates ending in 50.5 (19980328, 19980706, 19981014, 19990122,...) |
(13) | Mean anomaly, deg. |
(14) | Argument of perihelion, deg (J2000.0). |
(15) | Longitude of ascending node, deg (J2000.0). |
(16) | Inclination, deg (J2000.0). |
(17) | Eccentricity. |
(18) | Semimajor axis, AU. |
(19) | Date of orbit computation, yymmdd (MST, = UTC - 7 hr). |
(20) | Absolute value of the current 1-![]() |
(21) | Rate of change of CEU, arcsec/day. |
(22) | Date of CEU, yyyymmdd (0 hr UT). |
(23) | Next peak ephemeris uncertainty (PEU), arcsec, from date of CEU, and date of its occurrence, yyyymmdd. |
(24) | Greatest PEU, arcsec, in 10 years from date of CEU, and date of its occurrence, yyyymmdd. |
(25) | Greatest PEU, arcsec, in 10 years from date of next PEU, and date of its occurrence, yyyymmdd, if two observations (of accuracy equal to that of the observations currently included in the orbit--typically ± 1 arcsec) were to be made on the date of the next PEU [parameter (23)]. |
The meanings of the six integer codes [parameter (9)] are as follows (reference to "type 6:7", for example, means code 6, value 7):
Code | Value | Explanation |
---|---|---|
1 |
Planet-crossing asteroids.
Note: Because some orbits are very poor (or erroneously linked), there may be errors in assignment of these parameter values. |
|
1 | Aten asteroids (a < 1.0 AU). | |
2 | Apollo asteroids (a > 1.0 AU; 0 < q < 1.0 | |
4 | Amor asteroids (a > 1.0167 AU; 1.0167 < q <&nb | |
8 | Mars crossers (1.3 < q < 1.6660 AU). | |
16 | Outer-planet crossers (excluding Jupiter and Mars Trojans). Asteroids that cross or pass into the heliocentric distance zones between the perihelion and aphelion distances of Jupiter (4.950 to 5.455 AU), Saturn (9.009 to 10.069 AU), Uranus (18.274 to 20 089 AU), and/or Neptune (29.800 to 30.317 AU). | |
n | Asteroids (excluding Mars and Jupiter Trojans) that cross both inner- and outer-planet orbits. For example, an asteroid having n = 24 crosse the orbits of both Mars (q < 1.6660 AU) and Jupiter (Q > 4.950 AU). | |
2 | Orbit computation. | |
1 | Orbits derived from uncertainly, perhaps erroneously linked observations. | |
2 | Eccentricity assumed. | |
4 | Eccentricity and semimajor axis assumed. | |
8 | Mainly for numbered asteroids, omitted observations have resulted in degradation of a so-called orbit-quality parameter (OQP, see K. Muinonen and E. Bowell, Icarus 104, 255-279, 1993), generally by more than 0.1. The corresponding ephemeris uncertainty has increased by about 25% or more. | |
16 | OQP degrades by more than 0.1 if unsubstantiated observations (e.g., one-night apparitions) are omitted. | |
32 | Orbit derived from data containing observations not in Minor Planet Center files. | |
64 | H is unknown. H = 14 mag assumed. | |
128 | Asteroid sought, but not found. | |
n | Sum of preceding entries. For example, n = 3 pertains to an uncertainly linked orbit for which the eccentricity was assumed. | |
3 | Asteroids observed during the course of major surveys. Our definition includes asteroids that were observed but not discovered during the course of a survey. | |
1 | Palomar-Leiden survey (PLS) asteroids. | |
2 | Palomar-Leiden T-2 survey asteroids. | |
4 | Palomar-Leiden T-3 survey asteroids. | |
8 | U.K. Schmidt Telescope-Caltech asteroid survey (UCAS) asteroids. | |
16 | Palomar-Leiden T-1 survey asteroids. | |
n | Asteroids observed in more than one survey. For example, n = 3 denotes an asteroid observed in both the PLS and T-2 surveys. | |
4 | Minor Planet Center (MPC) critical-list numbered asteroids. | |
1 | Lost asteroid. | |
2 | Asteroids observed at only two apparitions. | |
3 | Asteroids observed at only three apparitions. | |
4 | Asteroids observed at four or more apparitions, last more than ten years ago. | |
5 | Asteroids observed at four or more apparitions, only one night in last ten years. | |
6 | Other poorly observed asteroids observed at four or more apparitions. | |
7 | Absolute magnitude poorly known (not on MPC critical-list). | |
5 | Lowell Observatory and related discoveries | |
1 | Asteroids discovered by E. Bowell. | |
2 | Non-Bowell discoveries from Lowell search programs. | |
3 | Sum of preceding entries. n = 3 pertains to an asteroid discovered jointly by E. Bowell and another person connected with Lowell search programs. | |
6 | Rank, in decreasing importance, for our collaborative program of astrometry using the transit circle of the U.S. Naval Observatory Flagstaff Station. | |
10 | Exceptionally important, to be observed frequently. Principally space mission targets and occultation candidates. | |
9 | Asteroids useful for mass determination. | |
8 | Asteroids for which one or two additional nights' observation are required to satisfy orbit-update requirements. Asteroids of type 6:7 whose ephemeris uncertainties are between 2 and 5 arcsec within the next ten years or so. | |
7 | Bowell unnumbered discoveries whose ephemeris uncertainties are less than 2 arcsec within the next ten years or so. MPC critical-list asteroids. | |
6 | Planet-crossers of type 6:5. | |
5 | Numbered asteroids whose ephemeris uncertainties are between 2 and 5 arcsec within the next ten years or so. Unnumbered asteroids that should be numberable after one or two more nights' observation. |
Note that the codes have not been carefully checked. There are doubtless many errors.
Notes on File Content
(t) = ±4500(q -
1) (tf - t) / [tarc2 (N - 3)1/2
] arcsec
(t) = ±4500(q -
1) (t - tl) / [tarc2 (N - 3)1/2
] arcsec,
derived from K. Muinonen, E. Bowell, and L. H. Wasserman (Planet. Space
Sci. 42, 307-313, 1994). Here, (t) is the 1-
sky-plane
uncertainty, along the line of variation, at time t; q is the
perihelion distance in AU; tf and tl are the times of
the first and last observations, respectively (tf - t and
t - tl are in days); tarc and N are parameters (10) and
(11) above; and
is the Earth-asteroid
distance in AU. For long-unobserved asteroids, tf and tl
may be approximated from the designation. Thus, for 1982 EE, which has a 9-day
arc, tf may be taken as 1 March 1982 and tl as 15 March
1982. The formula should be accurate to within a factor of five.
Computational Details
To produce the database,
our variable-timestep differential orbit correction program was run in
an automatic mode. Perturbation due to all major planets (Mercury
through Pluto, Earth and Moon separately), Ceres (assumed mass
5.0×10-10 M), Pallas
(1.1×10-10 M
), and Vesta
(1.4×10-10 M
)
were included. Planetary positions were derived from JPL's DE403 planetary
ephemeris. Positions of the three perturbing asteroids were derived, by
iteration, from our own orbits. Relativistic effects have not been included.
The orbit of one numbered asteroid (1566 Icarus) is known to be imperfect as
it requires inclusion of relativistic effects. The orbits of other
close-Sun-approaching asteroids are doubtless similarly affected, but their
observational (O-C) residuals appear to be satisfactory.
For numbered asteroids, we have adopted a uniform policy regarding the inclusion or exclusion of observations in the orbit determination: namely, to exclude observations whose great-circle sky-plane residuals exceed 2.3 arcsec. (We have found from experience that, for well-determined orbits, 2.3 arcsec is an appropriate residual threshold separating "good" and "bad" observations.) For numbered asteroids of type 2:8 in the integer-code table above, our policy has resulted in degradation of the orbit-quality parameter (OQP), which is a reliable (logarithmic) measure of an asteroid orbit's quality, and which (for non-Earth approachers) correlates well with ephemeris uncertainty. Such asteroids need orbit improvement to the point where the exclusion of "poor" observations no longer degrades the OQP. For unnumbered asteroids, we have retained obviously inferior observations where doing so improved the OQP and ephemeris uncertainty, thus making it easier to reobserve them; these asteroids are identified by integer code 2:16.
Upcoming Changes in astorb.dat Eventually, we intend to produce a version of the database in a format resembling that espoused in our ACM93 paper [E. Bowell, K. Muinonen, and L. H. Wasserman (1994). A public-domain asteroid orbit database. In "Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1993" (A. Milani et al., eds.), pp. 477-481. Kluwer, Dordrecht]. We will not be making this expanded file publicly accessible until we have checked it fairly thoroughly, incorporated it into our suite of asteroid-orbit software, and extracted data for a paper entitled something like "Orbit and ephemeris accuracy of multi-apparition asteroids".
In addition, we are near to making a second run on orbits for numbered asteroids in which close asteroid-asteroid encounters will be noted and a new perturbation scheme that includes two or three dozen asteroid perturbers is implemented.
We are also looking into the possibility of allowing approved WWW users to run selected programs on our system (ephemerides; which asteroids are in a given region of sky at a given time; selecting subsets of asteroids by orbital elements, predicted magnitude, location in the sky, etc.).
Acknowledgment and Attribution The research and computing needed to generate astorb.dat were funded principally by NASA grant NAG5-4741, and in part by the Lowell Observatory endowment. astorb.dat may be freely used, copied, and transmitted provided attribution to Dr. Edward Bowell and the aforementioned funding sources is made. Hypertext links to this WWW site are welcome.
Ted Bowell