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Carlotta
Gruppioni
e-mail:
cgruppioni@astbo1.bo.cnr.it
Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita di Bologna, Via
Zamboni 33, 40126, Bologna, ITALY
Istituto di
Radioastronomia, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, ITALY
The importance of deep optical, X-ray and radio surveys of selected area of the
sky is by now well recognized. Such surveys, like the Leiden-Berkeley Deep
Survey (LBDS) carried out with the Westerbork Radio Telescope (at 1412 MHz) and
optically identified with multicolor Mayall 4 m plates (see
Windhorst et al. (1984),Windhorst et al. (1984)) and the deeper one carried out with the VLA
(Windhorst et al. (1985)), produced many interesting results (see also Boyle et al. (1993)). In
particular they showed the existence of a sub-mJy population whose nature
is still matter of debate. This population manifests itself by a flattening of
the normalized differential counts below 5 mJy which cannot be explained either
by ordinary spiral and Seyfert galaxies, or by the expected giant elliptical
and quasar contribution. From optical identification the sub-mJy
population was shown to be principally composed of faint blue galaxies (mostly
fainter than ). These objects have peculiar optical morphology
indicative of interacting, starburst and merging galaxies.
To better understand the contents of these faint radio samples and
study the correlation between radio, optical and X-ray properties of faint
galaxies and AGNs, we obtained radio observations of the Marano Field
(centered at (1950) =
,
(1950) =
) for which we already
have excellent optical and X-ray data (see Zitelli et al. (1992),Zamorani et al. (1992)). Radio
observations were carried out with the Australian Telescope Compact Array
(ATCA) in two different wavelength bands: 20 and 13 cm.
Here we present the result of a preliminary analysis of the radio
data. The analysis and the optical identification are still in progress. We
obtained a list of sources at 13 cm from an area of square degrees,
with an effective mean rms noise level of
.
The radio observations were carried out on 1994 January 4, 5, 6 and 7. The AT
configuration was the 6 km Compact Array and the observing wavelengths were 20
and 13 cm. In order to observe the entire field covered by the optical and
X-ray observations within the FWHM of the primary beam (33 arcminutes at 20
cm), four separate observations were used with different pointing positions.
The pointing positions were located symmetrically around the center of the
Marano Field, each being shifted by about 8 arcminutes in both right ascension
and declination with respect to the center. We observed for 12 hours at each of
the four different positions, for a total of 48 hours of observing time. The
observations were made simultaneously at the two frequencies, with a bandwidth
of 128 MHz, separated in thirty two 4 MHz channels. Calibration was carried out
using the sources (primary) and
(secondary).
For both the observing wavelengths the four observations were calibrated and
analyzed separately. The data reduction was performed with AIPS. We chose
channels between 7 and 27 to average into a mean value channel (called channel
`0'). After an assessment of their quality, the images at the four pointing
positions were combined in a single image. The combined image is a natural
weighted map that covers pixels, with a pixel size of
arcsec. The 13 cm wavelength data are shown in Figure 1.
The analysis of the 20 cm data is still in progress. For the 13 cm data we
obtained a mean RMS value in the inner field (
arcminutes radius) of
, in good agreement with the theoretical value of
. As a first step we obtained a preliminary source list at 13 cm,
by searching the inner part of the image for pixels with a flux density of at
least 5 times the local noise. The flux density and angular size of the
sources were determined from a bi-dimensional gaussian fit.
Figure 1: Contour plot of the entire radio image at 13 cm of the Marano Field.
In the last decade a large amount of optical data relative to the Marano
Field has been obtained. As for photometry three sets of U, B, V and R plates
(taken with the triplet corrector at the ESO 3.6 m telescope) with a limiting
magnitude of about 22.5 in each band were acquired and fully analyzed. These
plates cover an area of square degrees. In 1992 deep CCD exposures
in the same bands were obtained. The CCD frames covered a substantial fraction
of the central area of the field. From these data a sample of more than 100
quasar candidates has been selected on the basis of color-color diagrams and
variability analysis. These candidates have all been observed
spectroscopically, providing a sample of about 70 spectroscopically confirmed
quasars with
. Fifty of these quasars constitute a complete sample
with
in an area of about 0.3 square degrees. (see
Marano et al. (1988),Zamorani et al. (1992),Zitelli et al. (1992)), almost exactly coincident with the inner, more
sensitive area of the ROSAT observation (see the next paragraph).
The X-ray survey of the Marano Field ( seconds with a
limiting sensitivity of
) is
one of the deepest ROSAT surveys now available. In the inner 20 arcminutes
radius of the ROSAT field about 60 X-ray sources were detected. >From a
cross-correlation of the X-ray and optical data about 40 % of these sources
have been identified with optically selected quasars of the spectroscopic
sample. A large fraction of the error boxes of the remaining X-ray sources
contains quasar candidates (i.e. UVX objects) fainter than our current
spectroscopic limit, while a few sources are identified with galaxies, cluster
candidates and bright stars. In a number of cases the error box does not
contain any obvious candidate at the limit of the plates. All these positions
have been recently observed with deeper CCD observations.
With the radio, optical and X-ray data relative to the Marano Field now available, we plan to develop some interesting studies. First of all we will complete the radio data analysis in order to obtain a definitive list of sources at both 20 and 13 cm, their positions and their flux densities. This will be the starting point of the following studies: