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, . ( ). . 21 , 3 18 . 59, 61 64 (, 1996; , 1998; , 2001), XXIV, XXVI XXVIII - (, 1993, 1995, 1997), 24 26- - (, 1996, 1997). « / », 96-05-65307. . , 5 , 179 , 39 15 . . .. , .-. .. , . , .. .. .. . , .. , . , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. . .. , , . ( ) .

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, , 200 , (Thenard, 1806), . , , , , ,


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. , . : , , , , .. , , / - . . , Bar-Nun et al. (1970) , (CH4+NH3+H2O) . Sugisaki et al. (1994) 2 2 . , , , : . , , . , - , , ( ., 1968; Mimura, 1994). , . , ­ , . (, .) , (, . ). . . . (Hartmann, 1972; Chyba, 1990). (4,0-3,8 ), , : , (Delsemme, 1997). , , (Ahrens et al.,1989). , , ,


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~3,8 (Schidlowski, 1988). . , , 2 10 15 25 / (Pierazzo and Chyba, 1998, 1999). , , , , (Chyba et. al., 1990; Chyba, 1993). (Tyburczy J.A. et al., 1986; Tingle T.N. et al., 1992), Murchison (CM2), , 20 . 70% 36 . 50 . , , , . , , , , . (Bar-Nun et al., 1970). 1997 . Peterson et al. . , , , 3,5 32 . , . 19 , 30-32 . 32 1 % . , , . Canyon Diablo, Meteor (, ), 13 (Heymann et al., 1966), ~15 /c. , , , . -


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(Zhao and Bada, 1989), . 3,8 , . , . , , , . (Ganapathy, 1980). (Alvarez et al., 1980). . . , , ( ., 1992). , , . , (1987), , , (-). , ; .

2.
: () , , (). , . , 70 100% , .


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, . , . , , , (Korochantsev and Nikolaeva, 1993). . . , , . . . : ( , ), "". , , . . CI1­CM2­CV3,CO3 . ( 4 % ), ( 1% ). / ( 0,75 0,07) /(C+H+N+S+0) (.) ( 0,5 0,9), d 3,8 3,5 , (Lc) 15 30 . , , . , -, . . , . .


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. 1. ( ) . 1 2 /3, ( 75 99 %), / (.) ( 1,75 0,02). . . , ­ , ­ , , . 2. , , . 3. , (, ) . 4. , . , . , . 5. , . 6. , . , , , , , , , . , , , . . , , , , , , 13 , , CHNS-. 13 (fa) , (-, =, 2, 3, OH .). ,


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, (faXRD), (d002) (Lc). (.1):

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. /C (.) 0,84 1,75. /(C+H+N+S+0) (.) ­ 0,33 0,53. fa 0,17 0,49, faXRD - 0,14 0,28. d002 3,54 3,70 е, Lc - 6,0 9,0 е. (d) 4,7-5,3 е. . /C (.) - 0,53 1,41, /(C+H+N+S+0) (.) ­ 0,41 0,64. 20-30 % . d002 - 3,45 3,54 е. Lc 8,0 17,0 е. d ­ 4,7-5,2 е. . /C (.) - 0,02 0,62, /(C+H+N+S+0) (.) ­ 0,59 0,97. f 0,85 1,0, faXRD - 0,55 0,90. d002 3,40 3,50 е. Lc - 13,0 31,5 е. d ­ 4,1-4,6е. , CI CM , CV ­ (. 2).

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, , , . , . , , , (" "). , , , , . , , . . , , .

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- . ­ . , . , , . 10 63,4 , ­ . . , , , , (Cu, Al, Fe). , . ( 27 ) «» - . .


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7 , (). (1 ) ( ) . , , . , « » (2042) . , , , , 6 (). . , . , 1,95 2,75 /. , , , .


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, . 150-2000, 1000, - . , . , (~10%), , . (63,4 ), , 3,8 /c. , . . 6750C. 3250C. ; , . , , (40 %). , , , , . . , " ". (7,9 /), (31 ) . , « ». , - CHNS-, .


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, 27 , , , (faXRD), (d002) (Lc) . (faXRD=0,22, d002=3,6 е, Lc=9,0 е). 63,4 faXRD 0,38, (d002) 3,53 е, (Lc) 9,0 14,0 е. . , , . (faXRD=0,45, d002=3,46 е, Lc=20,5 е), , , 63,4 . , , . , . , , 0,74. : d002=3,40 е Lc=24,5е d002=3,35 е Lc=151,5 е. , , , - , , , (d002) 3,37 3,42 е, Lc - 50 140 е. . 27 , (2) (3) . . 63,4 . , . (>4). , C-H = . H/C .


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0,44. (H/.=0,11), , , . , . , , , . 27 . , , . Tingle et al. (1992) Murchison (CM2). , , , 20 . 63,4 . . 60 , . Lange Ahrens (1982) , 20 , 60 . , , 60 , - . / . , , : . , , . . , . . , . « » ,


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. . . . , . , ­ , . , . , , . 10 . , (H/C .=0,01), (H/ .=0,11), . . , , . , . , , , , . , , . , , . , . (1968), - ( ) , 10,8 . ( ) 43 - . , . , 27 . -, , , . , , ,


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, .









4.
. , , . - . , , , . , , . (- -). , , . - (H/C . ~ 0,8) (O, N, S). , - . . , , . ­ . : , , . : (HF/HCl) ( H2S ).


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, . (~1,0 %) (~0,3%). (0,2%). - H/C (.) , 0,2 0,1 . 0,06. (faXRD), (d002) (Lc). , , . - (faXRD = 0,4, d002 =3,6 е Lc= 9 е) ( 3). , , . , . faXRD 0,8. 0,94 , (1,0). , : d002 - 3,4 3,45 е, Lc ­ 10 15 е. , . , , . , (d002=3,37 е, Lc=100 е). , , , (Korochantsev et al., 2001). (. 3). 27 . 60 , . , , . , , . (d002=3,37 е) .


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. , . , .

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, , 60 (H, O, N, S) , . , . -, . -, .


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, , . (-=C-C=C-) (=C=C=C=), . , (), (, 1982). , , , , . , , . , , , . - , 60 , , 60 .

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, ­ . (0,3-2,7 ). , , , . , , , . . - . , . . ,


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. . . "". , , . 0,5-2,7 , . . 0,5 , . , , . , . , , , (. 4).

. 4. , .

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, , . , , (Moroz et al., 1998). 2,2-2,7 . 2 3 . , . , 2,2 (max2,2) (fa). (R2/R1) 2,3-2,6 . R1 - 2,2 ; R2 ­ 2,7 . R2/R1 fa. , max2,2 R2/R1 /C, C/(C+H+N+S+), d002 Lc. , , 40 % , . , G, , F, , D, , (< 0,10) (Gradie and Tedesco, 1982). , (.5). , , , D. , . , 5145 Pholus 2,27 . (Vilas and Smith, 1985). , / . , . P D (Moroz et al., 1991, 1992). ,


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, 70 5145 Pholus , (Cloutis, 1996).
. 5. D , Murchison (M2) ( 0,56 ). 85% , 8 % 7 % ( ). C 141 Lumen, D ­ . 588 Achilles, 624 Hektor 911 Agamemnon. ­ 994 , Priamus. 944 Hidalgo ( 5,8 ..). Gradie and Veverka (1980).

, . 3,


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. , . , D, P . , . , , , . , , , , , , , . , , "" . , D , , , . , , , . , , . "" . ( ) (Edvard et al., 1992).


: 1. , . , , . , , , ,


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, . 2. , . 27 , , , . 63,4 . (31 ) . 3. 60 . , -, , . 4. .

:
1. .., .., .., .., ..,

2.

3.

4.

5.

.., .. - . III , 1991, 23. Nikolaeva O., Tobelko K., Korochantsev A., Kreslavsky M. Reference materials for organic matter of meteorites and asteroids. Annales Geophysical,1991, Suppl., v. 9, 383-384. Korochantsev A. and Nikolaeva O. Terrestrial bitumen analogue of Orgueil organic material demonstrates high sensitivity to usual HF-HCl treatment. Lunar and Planetary Science XXIV, 1993, 817-818. .., .. .. - : . XXII (. ), 1994, 51-52. .., .., .., .., .., .. . , 1995, 8, 1191-1198.


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6. Korochantsev A.V., Badjukov D.D., Moroz L.V., Pieters C.M., and Pershin S.V.

Impact-induced transformations of extraterrestrial organic material: laboratory simulation. Vernadsky-Brown microsymposium 24, 1996, 44-45. 7. Korochantsev A.V. and Nikolaeva O.V. Study of meteoritic organics through natural bitumens: a new approach. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 1996, v.31, A72-73. 8. Korochantsev A.V., Badjukov D.D., Moroz L.V., Pieters C.M., and Galuzinskaja A.Kh. Laboratory impact-induced modification of organic materials: preliminary results. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 1996, v.31, A73-A74. 9. Heymann D., Chibante L.P.F., Brooks R.R., Wolbach W.S., Smit J., Korochantsev A., Nazarov M.A., and Smalley R.E. Fullerenes of possible wildfire origin in Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sediments. In The Cretaceous-Tertiary event and other catastrophes in Earth history, ed. by Ryder G., Fastovsky D., and Gartner S., Geological Soc. of America, 1996, Spec. paper 307, 453-464. 10. Korochantsev A.V., Badjukov D.D., and Moroz L.V. Cometary/meteoritic link: impact modification of organic material. Annales Geophysical, 1997, Suppl. III, v.15 (part 3), 721. 11. Moroz L.V., Arnold G., Wasch R, and Korochantsev A. Reflectance spectroscopy of natural solid bitumens as analogs of cometary and asteroid organic materials. Annales Geophysical, 1997, Suppl. III, v.15 (part 3), 814. 12. Moroz L., Arnold G., Korochantsev A., and Wasch R. Natural solid bitumens as possible analogs of cometary and asteroid organics Lunar and Planetary Science XXVIII, 1997, 981-982. 13. Moroz L., Arnold G., Korochantsev A., and Wasch R. Natural bitumens as possible analogs for cometary and asteroid organics: reflectance spectroscopy of pure organics and organic-montmorrilonite mixtures. Vernadsky-Brown microsymposium 26, 1997, 88-89. 14. .. (1997). - . : (50 ), 1997, 5-6. 15. Korochantsev A.V., Badjukov D.D., Moroz L.V., and Pershin S.V. Experiments on impact-induced transformations of asphaltite. Experiment in Geosciences, 1997, v.6, 2, 65-66. 16. Moroz L.V., Arnold G., Korochantsev A.V., and Wasch R. Natural solid bitumens as possible analogs for cometary and asteroid organics: 1. Reflectance spectroscopy of pure bitumens, Icarus, 1998, v.134, 253-268. 17. Korochantsev A.V. and Badjukov D.D. Chondritic carbonaceous materials: terrestrial analogs and their shock modification. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 1998, v.33, A86.


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18. .. ..

. : , 1998, 37-38. 19. Korochantsev A.V., Badjukov D.D., and Sadilenko D.A. Shock metamorphism of organic matter. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 2001, v.36, A104. 20. Moroz L.V., Korochantsev A.V., Waesch R., and Arnold G. Surface color variations of dark asteroids and other low albedo small bodies due to organic components. Asteroids 2001 (abstracts of International Conference in Santa Flavia, Italy, June 11-15, 2001), 2001, 68-69. 21. Moroz L.V., Korochantsev A.V., Waesch R., and Arnold G. Reflectance spectra of natural materials and the nature of surface color variations of KBOs and dark objects. Physical properties of Kuiper belt objects (materials of International Workshop in Meudon, France, June 5-8, 2001), 2001, 12-13.