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Ozone in atmosphere: General concepts, units of measurements, sources and sinks, basic observational results: vertical distribution, geographical distribution, periodical and aperiodical variability, relations aperiodical relations with solar and geophysical factors
A.M. Zvyagintsev (azvyagintsev@cao-rhms.ru) Central Aerological Observatory (CAO), Dolgoprudny, Moscow reg., Russia


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3

· 1840 ­ Schoenbein () ( ) , . : 1) ( ), ; 2) ; 3) , . (-) , .


(forcing) 2000 . 1750 . ( IPCC)


30


( 1880-1905 .): ­ 230-290 nm (Hartley), tl ­ 320-340 nm (Huggins), ­ 560-610 nm (Chappuis), ­ 4.8-10 mcm (Angstroem)



· - () N3, -3 -3. (-): p V = R T /M : · 1) ( ) 3,, -3; · 2) p3, ; · 3) () r3 = p3/p, -1. = 20 : 2 -3 = 1 -1 . () - , -; 1 = 1 (..). ­ 0.3 300 ..



· · 1860 ­ 1910-1935 ­ Fabry ( . ­ 1929), Goetz ( , 1926 . , «Das Atmosphaerische Ozon» - 1931), Dobson ( 6 : 1924-1926; , . , , , .), (1930), 1957 ­ (), ­ . 300 1960 ­ ( ) 1962 ­ (, ) 1966 ­ ; : SBUV, TOMS, OMI, GOME (); SAGE () 1976 ­ (NASA, ; - 1946) : (1945), (NOAA, 1972), (1985) 1985 ­ 1987 ­ ,

· · · · · · · ·



­ ( 2 ­ ). : 1) : O3 + H2O + 2 KI = O2 + 2 KOH + I2 ; 2) ; 3) ( , ) ; 4)







: , ­ NOx, OH Cl. : , NOx; ­ , - .


p3


: ( WOUDC)




1. (>1 ) ( 220 ..?) 2. ( ) ( , . . ) 3. ,





( ­ . « »)



: 1979-1995 ­ , 1996 ­ (, ., , )
470 450 430 410 390 370 350 330 310 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010



3660 N CATO (Harris et al., Ann. Geophys., Geophys 2008)



X = Annual + Trend + QBO + Solar + AO + ... + Residual , Annual(m) = A0 + (Ais sin m + Aic cos m) , = l( 2/12 ; Trend(m) = (0 + c cos(m ­ tr)) L(m) , L(m) ­ d( L( L( - ; QBO(m) = (k01 + kc1 cos(m ­ QBO)) QBOI(m) ; ... QBOI(



, , 12.1.005-76. , " ", 2002/3/EC, () 100 -3 = 50 -1

( 20-30 160 -3 ) 30 -3 ?? 1 180 -3 = 90 -1 -3 240 = 120 -1

­Air Quality Guidelines, 2005 NAAQS,

1 3 8- 100 -3 = 50 -1 120 -1 1 8- 84 -1



· , . . . .

80

80

70

70

60

60

50

50

40 -10 0 10 20 30 40

40 -10 0 10 20 30 40


Fig. 10. Calculated decadal average O3 volume mixing ratios [ppbv] at the earth surface for TM3 1990s CLE (upper) and at the for (upper) STOCHEM 1990s CLE (). Fig. 11a. Decadal averaged ozone volume mixing ratio differences [ppbv] comparing the 2020s and 1990s for TM3 CLE (upper) and STOCHEM CLE (). After Dentener et al., 2005



28 ( ) 5 -1 (3 -1). ( 1:5)


180 /3 2003 .

Number of exceedances of the threshold value for the information of the public (one-hour ozone concentration > 180 µg/m3) observed at urban/street stations and stations of unspecified type in the EU and other countries, summer 2003 (April­August)

Number of exceedances of the threshold value for the information of the public (one-hour ozone concentration > 180 µg/m3) observed at rural and urban background stations, summer 2003 (April­ August), interpolated using inverse distance weighting


· 1928 ­ ., . · 1933 ­ · 1933-1935 ­ . (), · 1945 . ­ . · 1951 ­ « » · 1950- . ­ ( .) · 1960 ­ () · 1970 ­ (; 1955) · 1973 ­ -124, · ­

- .