News and questions

11.11.03. Two reports are submitted for Substorm-7 (22-26.03.04) (See abstracts)
Also couple of new fogures are added to electron acceleration discussion at draft.htm

15.10.03. More magnetometers data (SAMNET group) found in the Web by Boris Kozelov are added to mag.htm
27.09.03. Additional text is submitted to drafts.htm, please read and comment.
26.09.03 Final version of the paper tothe proceedings of optical meeting finally submitted.
AURORAL SUBSTORM DOUBLE - ONSET CASE STUDY Lazutin L.(1), Danielides M.(2), Jussila J.(2), Kozelova T.(3), Meredith N.(4), Korth A.(5), and Kozelov B.(3) 18.09.03. We nearly finished text of a paper which will be published at the Proceedings of the 30th ANNUAL EUROPEAN MEETING ON ATMOSPHERIC STUDIES BY OPTICAL METHODS 13-17 August 2003 University Courses on Svalbard (UNIS) Longyearbyen, Norway
Text is here and also figures Figure1 Fig.2 Fig 3. Fig 4 and Fig 5

8.09.03. Three expanded magnetometer plots received from Michael (Pello, Muonio and Kilpisjarvi) are shown at mag.htm.
6.09.03. I received scanned Pi2 pulsation registrogramm of the Borok station (see)
courtesy by Sergei Vasiljevich Anisimov

Alternate Director, Head of GemM Laboratory
Borok Geophysical Observatory RAS
Borok, Yaroslavl, 152742, RF
Phone:     (7-08547)24485
Phone/Fax: (7-08547)24024
mailto:svan@borok.adm.yar.ru
http://wwwbrk.adm.yar.ru
http://geobrk.adm.yar.ru:1352
http://www.borok.ru

25.08.03. Draft of the paper receive additional text and figures.

18.08.03. LANL energetic particle data received. Some plots can be found on DATA page,

17.08.03. I receive 10s magnetometer data of Jan Mayen and Tromso from Borre Heitmann Holmeslet

|office +47 776 45148
University of Tromso | fax +47 776 45580
TGO, Faculty of Science | www.tgo.uit.no
9037 Tromso, NORWAY | Borre.Holmeslet@tgo.uit.no |

Please find new plots at mag.htm
Jan Mayen is located close to CRRES footpoint longitude. Beginning of the H-bay at 2045:20UT coincides with sharp increase of field-alligned 1keV electrons (LEPA) while energetic electron burst starts with delay.
Also I plot expanded view of Tromso magnetometer data for the precise timing study of the first (Kilpisjarvi) onset.
14.06.03. Couple new sentenses added to the draft on substorm onset.

08.06.03. I found in internet the Jan Mayen magnetometer (see mag.htm) and requsted digital data. This station is important because it is located at the same meridian as the CRRES. And, yes, there are no reaction to Scandinavian onset and exelent negative bays at the same time as CRRES onset around 2045 and the second onset at 2052-57 UT.

07.06.03. Three LANL satellites were in action during our event. I put for you preliminary plot print-screened from the LANL site (not for the publication!) and requested 10s electron and ion data.
LANL data are interesting, Suppose I can ask Geff Reeves to look at our data and invite to participate in our work. What is your opinion? We have different view on the substorm geometry and dynamics, but inspite of that, or possible because of that his participation will be usefull. See LANL data at our DATA page, or in intermet http://leadbelly.lanl.gov/lanl_geo/cgi-bin.
06.06.03. New page is crated drafts.htm, where we will deposite information and text of the presentations.
Also I started to write a draft about fine structure of the optical substorm. From the 1s jpg files of the TV aurora (I received two days ago a CD from Micha) it is clear that substorm breakup was unusual and it is worth trying to make a discription. Possibly as a first part of a paper. There will be optical conference somewhere in August or September. So please find a beginning of the draft there.

20.05.03. At the EPAS page please find figures with electron spectrum transformation. We must try to explain why two electron increases have different type of acceleration. 7.05.03. I copied to "CRRES-Notes" part of the letter from Nigel about CRRES magnetic pulsations. I thing it will be interesting to compare them with auroral and ground based pulsations 1) at substorm onset and 2) during auroral pulsations seen at the TV record.

7.05.03. More references on substorm problems added to ref. list 30.04.03. Final text of ISSI proposals can be found here.
Appended information about participants with CV can be found here.
Proposals were sent today. 28.04.03. 1. Nearly all necessry texts are ready for ISSI.

2.Please find new figures in MAG, LEPA and FIELDS pages.

23.04.03. Please read, comment and and improve texts of final proposals for ISSI

14.04.03. I started to write short notes about our data and put it to crres.htm page. Do not hesitate to suggest your notes, comments and corrections. L.L.

13.04.03. For the Geophysics Days in Oulu at the end of May it is time to present an abstract. I think we may present a poster (Micha can do it). The draft of an abstract I will put bellow ( Oulu_abstract)

10.04.03. First proposals to ISSI were sent by e-mail on 8.03.03. (read issi.htm) Now I will start at the same site final proposals. Please correct. And send me brief CV.

CRRES Position and instrumentation

At substorm onset ~2030UT CRRES was located at the late evening sector, 5.5Re near the magnetic equator(see position) .
My (L.L.) calculation of the footpring gives following geographic coordinates:

IOPT	1	2	3	4	5	6
Latitude	65.86	65.57	65.14	64.70	64.05	62.90
Longitude	1.91	2.12	2.49	2.83	3.38	4.44

I used Tsyganenko-79 model. M.D. will make independent calculation to be sure.

The CRRES was launched on July 25, 1990 into an orbit with perigee 350 km and apogee 35786 km.
Following CRRES data are available:

- magnetometer 2s average data (see mag.htm)

- wave experiment (see fields.htm)

- high-energy electron and ion data (EPAS or MEB experiment) (see epas.htm)

middle energy particle analizer (LEPA) (see data prepared by Nigel)

Ground-based observations

During a Swedish EISCAT campaign in March 1991 an auroral TV-system (ATV) of Oulu University was operating at Kilpisjarvi / Finland (69.05 N, 20.79 E, L=5.9).

All participants have AVI files of TV data. Micha will soon prepare the N-S keogram of the aurora.
Possibly there will be other optical data. We will collect them at aurora.htm

Magnetometer records are available from the EISCAT net

As soon as other ground-based data will arrive we will put them at ground.htm.

Also we will start a table with coordinates of stations

Meetings

Investigation of the global and local substorm onset and development based on satellites, auroral TV and magnetometers measurements.

The substorm onset contain many different effects, observed within several minutes: acceleration of charged particles, electrons and ions of different energies, auroral breakup and other ionospheric effects, magnetic field dipolarization, waves and pulsations of the magnetic and electric fields. How these effects are related to each other, what is the sequence of events and how activity propagates and trigger local onsets during substorm expansion - it is still disputable or unresolved questions. At the same time the answers to these questions are important for the understanding of the nature of substorm onset instability or sequence of instabilities.

Presented are the first preliminary results of a substorm case study based on a multiple satellite and ground-based observations. Isolated substorm with several intensifications (or multiple onsets) took place on March 12, 1991.
After the first onset which was recorded in restricted area over Scandinavia, the second onset was observed in several isolated regions, from Dikson to north of England, and the third onset or intensification was significant all over the nightside auroral zone.
During this substorm several geostationary satellites were operating and also CRRES with measurements of energetic and low energy particles, magnetic and electric fields and waves with good temporal resolution. Wide network of ground-based observations are available during this day including EISCAT measurements.
Especially important are TV records of the aurora made at the Kilpisjarvi when entire substorm scenario was observed: growth phase, onset, expansion, pulsating aurora and recovery phase.
We use TV data to establish precise time of the #1 onset. Two moments can be considered as a candidate for the To the first one when equatorial arc suddenly expands to wide diffusive band and the second 40s later when that two bright segments of arc arrived at the left botton part of the TV picture and explosive breakup began.
During the first onset CRRES was located about 15 - 20 degrees to the West from the onset epicenter and we found both immediate and delayed reaction on the auroral substorm onset. During the second intensification CRRES was near the center of activity and registered both energetic particle injection and auroral electron field alligned acceleration.
There is a expectation that results of this case study allow us to understand better how the combination of local and global processes create substorm onset and expansion.

Refferences

Let us collect here refferences related to our topic

• 1. Roux A. et al. Plasma sheet instability related to the westward traveling surge. J. Geophys. Res. V. 96. P. 17697. N. A10. 1991.
• 2. Maynard N C., Burke W.J., Basinska et al., Dynamics of the inner magnetosphere near times of substorm onsets. J. Geophys. Res. V. 101. P. 7705. N. A4. 1996.

- Birn J., Thomsen M.F., Borovsky J.E., Reeves G.D., McComas D.J., and Belian R.D. 
Characteristic plasma properties during dispersionless substorm injections at geosynchronous 
orbit. // J. Geophys. Res. V. 102. № A2. P. 2309-2324. 1997.

- Fukunishi H. Dynamic relationship between proton and electron auroral substorms 
// J.Geophys. Res. V. 80. №.4. P.553-574. 1975.

- Gurgiolo C., Lin C.S., Mauk B., Parks G.K., and McIlwain C.E. Plasma injection and diamagnetism 
// J.Geophys. Res. V. 84. №.A5. P.2049-2056. 1979.

- Kaye S.M. and Kivelson M.G. Time dependent convection electric fields and plasma injection
 // J.Geophys. Res. V. 84. №.A8. P.4183-4188. 1979.

- Lopez R.E., Lui A.T.Y., Sibeck D.G., Takahashi K., McEntire R.W., Zanetti L.J., and Krimigis S.M. 
On the relationship between the energetic particle flux morphology and the change in the magnetic 
field magnitude during substorms. // J.Geophys. Res. V. 94. №.A12. P.17105-17119. 1989.

-  Lui A.T.Y., Chang C.-L., Mankofsky A., Wong H.-K., and Winske D. 
A cross-field current instability for substorm expantions. // 
J. Geophys. Res. V. 96. № A7. P. 11389-11701. 1991.

- Lui A.T.Y. Observed features in current disruption and their implications to existing theories 
// Space Plasmas: Coupling Between Small and Medium Processes. 
Geophysical Monograph 86. AGU. P. 149-162. 1995.

- Ohtani S., Takahashi K., Zanetti L.J., Potemra T.A., McEntire R.W., and Iijima T. 
Initial signatures of magnetic field and energetic particle fluxes at tail reconfiguration: explosive 
growth phase. // J. Geophys. Res. V. 97. № A12. P. 19311-19324. 1992.

- Ohtani S. Earthward expansion of tail current disruption: dual-satellite study. //
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- Rasinkangas R., Sergeev V., Kremser G., Ulich T., Singer H., and Korth A. 
Current disruption signatures at substorm onset observed by CRRES. 
// International Conference on the Substorms - 2. Fairbanks. Alaska. March 7-11. 1994.
 P. 595-600.1994.

- Roux A. Generation of field-aligned current structures at substorm onsets //
 Proc. ESA Workshop on Future Missions in Solar, Heliosphere and 
Space plasma Physics. Garmisch-Parten Kirchen. Germany. 
30 April - 3 May. 1985. ESA SP-235. P. 151-159. 1985.

- Sauvaud J.-A. and Wincler J.R. Dynamics of plasma, energetic particles, 
and fields near synchronous orbit in the nighttime sector during 
magnetospheric substorms. 
// J. Geophys. Res. V. 85. № A5. P. 2043-2056. 1980.

  

  Akasofu, S.-I. Polar and magnetospheric substorms, Dordrecht-Holland:D.Reidel, 1968.

  Baker D.N., Pulkkinen T.J., Angelopoulos V. et al. Neutral line model of substorms: past results 
and present view // J. Geophys. Res. 1996. V. 101. P. 12975.

  Barcus J.R., Balloon observations on the relationship of energetic electrons to visual aurora 
and auroral absorption, J.Geophys.Res.,70, 2135, 1965

  Elphinstone, R.D., J.S. Murphree, and L.L. Cogger. What is a global auroral substorm? Rev. 
Geophys. 34:169-232. 1996.

  Friedel, R.H.W., Korth, A., Reeves, G.D. and Belian, R. Origin of energetic particle injections 
at substorm onset as measured by the CRRES spececraft between 4 and 7 Re and 
Los Alamos geostationary satellites. Proc.of the Second Int.Con.on Subs. 2:571-576, 1994. 

  Heikkila, W.J. and Pellinen, R.J. Localized induced electric field within the magnetotail. 
J.Geophys.Res. 82, 1610, (1977). 
 
 Kozelova T.V., Lazutin L.L., Kozelov B.V., Energetic  particle bursts before the main substorm 
injection, Adv. Space  Res.-.- V.30, N 7. 1805-1808, 2002

 Kozelova T.V., B.V. Kozelov, L.L. Lazutin, Substorm large impulsive electric fields observed 
by CRRES, Substorm-5,St.Petersburg, Russia, 16 -20 May, 2000, p.146

Lazutin L. L, R. Rasinkangas ,T. V. Kozelova, A. Korth, H.Singer, G. Reeves, 
W. Riedler, K. Torkar, and B.B.Gvozdevsky, Observations of Substorm Fine Structure, 
Ann. Geophysicae, 16, 775-786, (1998) 

 Lazutin L., Borovkov L.P., Kozelova T.V., Kornilov I.A., Tagirov V.R., A.Korth, 
J. Stadsnes, S.Ullaland, H. Singer Investigation of the conjugasy between auroral breakup 
and energetic electron injection. Accepted by J.Geophys. Res., 1999 

   Lazutin L., A.Korth, T. Kozelova, Fast Bursts of High Energy Protons and Their Role in 
Triggering of the Substorm Onset Instability, Sixth International Conference on Substorms 
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA March 25-29, 2002

   Lui, A. T. Y., R. E. Lopez, B. J. Anderson, K., Takahashi, L. J. Zanetti, R. W. McEntire, 
T. A. Potemra, D. M. Klumpar, E., M. Greene, and R. Strangeway, Current disruptions 
in the near-Earth neutral sheet region, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 1461--1480, (1992). 

  Lui A.T.Y. Observed features in current disruption and their implications to existing theories 
// Space Plasmas: Coupling Between Small and Medium Processes. Geophysical
Monograph 86. AGU. P. 149-162. 1995.

McIlwain C.E., Substorm injection boundaries, In: Magnetospheric physics, edited 
by McCormac, B.M. Dordrecht-Holland, D.Reidel Pub. Comp., 143-154, 1974

 Mishin V.M., Saifudinova T., Bazarzhapov A. et al. Two distinct substorm onsets
 // J. Geophys. Res. 2001. V. 106. A7. P. 13105 - 13118.

Pellinen, R.J. and Heikkila, W.J. Energization of charged particles to high energies by an 
induced substorm electric field within the magnetotail. J. Geophys.Res. 83, 1544-1550, (1978). 

Pellinen, R.J. and Heikkila, W.J. Inductive electric fields in the magnetotail and their relation 
to auroral and substorm phenomena. Space Sci.Rev. 37, 1-61, (1984). 

 Perry, C.H. and et al., Statistical survey of dispersionless substrom injections observed 
by the CREES MICS ion spectrometer. Proc.of the Third Int.Con.on Subs. 3:567-572, 1996. 

Rostoker, G., Akasofu, S.-I., Foster, J.C., et al. Magnetospheric substorms-definition and 
signatures. J.Geophys.Res. 85:1663-1668, 1980. 

Rostoker, G., S.-I. Akasofu, W. Baumjohann, Y. Kamide, and R.L. McPherron. 
The roles of direct input of energy from the solar wind and unloading of stored magnetotail
 energy in driving magnetospheric substorms. Space Sci. Rev. 46:93-111 ,1987.

  Roux, A., Perreault, P., Robert, P., et al. Plasma sheet instability related to the 
westward travelling surge. J.Geophys.Res. 96:17697-17707, 1991. 

 Samson, J.C., MacAulay, A.K., Rankin, R., Frycz, P., Voronkov, I. and Cogger, L.L. 
Substorm intensifications and resistive shear flow-ballooning instabilities in the near-Earth 
magnetotail. Third International Conference on Substorms (ICS-3),Versailles,
France,12-17 May 1996,ESA SP-389. 3:399-404, 1996.