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Index


Suddenly, Tomorrow Came . . .

A

A. V. Roe Corporation 10, 24, 25, 350 Aaron, John 179, 183, 309, 335 Abbott, Ira H. 32 Acheson, David C. 300 Activation Analysis Laboratory 314 Advanced Missions Program Office 218 Aerojet-General Corporation 143, 152 Aerospace Industries Association 191 Aerospace Summer Intern Program 314 Aerospace Task Force 317, 318 Aerospatiale 296 Agena-D target vehicle 93 Air Force Ballistic Missile Division 22, 23, 122 Air Force Flight Test Center 295 Air Force Missile Test Center 110 Air Force User Committee 239 Akridge, Max 223, 225 Al-Saud, Prince Sultan Salman 296 Aldrich, Arnold D. 183, 325, 335 Aldrich, Edward (Pete) 183, 315, 317 Aldridge, Eleanor 317 Aldrin, Edwin E. (Buzz) 94, 117, 124, 133, 174, 176, 200, 285 Alford, Roy 78 Allen, Joseph P. (Joe) 179, 275, 294, 302 American Aeronautical Society 10 American Association for the Advancement of Science 59 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 192 American Space Program vii, ix, 11 and the Cold War 321 early development 25, 35 effect on American education 6, 350 effect on Gulf War 343 funding vii, 3 future goals 320-321, 344 image vii institutionalization of 11 management challenges 107 management techniques 61, 77, 209 post-Challenger accident 304-305, 320, 326 public interest in 123, 133, 150, 187, 226 reaction to Sputnik i, 1-15 shuttle era 222-225 American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) 83, 289, 296 Ames Aeronautical Laboratory (see Lewis Research Center) Ames Research Center 26, 37, 69, 188, 201, 224, 277, 295

Anders, William A. 171, 332 Anderson, Lyle 265 Anderson, O. A. 220 Anderson, Sen. Clinton P. 12, 189, 190 Anfuso, Victor L. 18 Anik D2 294 Animals, use in space 30 Able 32 Baker 32 Enos 54 Ham 32, 38, 53, 55 Laika 1 Sam and Miss Sam 32 Apollo Applications Programs 108, 192 Apollo Experiments and Training on the Scientific Aspects of the Apollo Program 128 Apollo Extension System 195, 205 Apollo program ix, 31, 53, 56-80, 84-117, 125-180, 185-203, 259-265, 273-289, 309-314, 330, 336342, 350 20th anniversary celebrations 252 and post-Apollo plans 188, 192, 195 Apollo 4 134, 155 Apollo 5 155, 173 Apollo 6 135, 155 Apollo 7 135, 155, 198, 165 Apollo 8 156, 169, 171, 172, 224, 333 Apollo 9 173, 183, 265 Apollo 10 160, 174, 175, 176-77, 278 Apollo 11 117, 133, 156, 159, 174-179, 182, 187, 195, 198, 202, 203, 218, 262, 333 Apollo 12 179, 198 Apollo 13 160, 173, 182-184, 196-199, 342 Apollo 14 180, 187, 198, 199 Apollo 15 180, 198-201, 265 Apollo 16 180, 199, 202, 214, 265, 278 Apollo 17 180, 187, 198-203, 214, 262 Apollo 18 202 Apollo 19 202 Apollo AS204 fire vii, 112, 114, 140, 344 budget 57, 135, 151 compared to Mercury and Gemini 162-163 contractor relations 71, 143, 145 development plan 100, 103 effect of space program 113-114 effect on MSC personnel 115 engineering and design 145-146 flight tests 53, 169, 173 historical significance 179 improvements resulting from 114 investigation results 113 lessons from Gemini 64, 162-163, 165

390


Index

lunar program 79, 137, 141, 169 major elements 142 management conflicts 71, 105-107 management structure 86, 164, 166-168, 170 mission planning and control 103, 178-181 missions 160 origin of name 159 problems 71, 81, 135 program offices 86, 102, 335 public interest 104, 150 public reaction 117 redundancy systems 173 relationships between centers 111 request for contractor proposals 65, 142 review board 113, 114 subcontractors 147-149 technological advances 135, 174 training 127 Apollo spacecraft 73, 82, 90, 93, 103, 107, 108, 114, 118, 132, 134, 139-159, 173-174, 205-212, 221, 279, 311 life support systems 130 specifications 151 Apollo telescope mount 108, 168 Apollo-Soyuz vii, 188, 201, 207, 209, 210, 219221, 227, 254, 285 Armed Services Committee 1, 2, 3, Armstrong, Neil 94, 111, 117, 128, 133, 159, 164, 174, 176, 177, 285, 299, 300 Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) 19, 23, 27, 61, 73, 74, 105, 246, 312, 350 Army Ballistic Missile Program 4 Astronaut Office 118, 124, 127, 212 Astronauts 23, 24, 31, 32, 44, 51, 57, 58, 63, 66, 68, 72, 74, 91-95, 106, 111, 112, 117, 155-157, 172, 178, 184, 187, 195-200, 211-215, 221, 233, 248254, 261, 265, 278-282, 286-289, 295-300, 307, 309, 332, 336, 342, 344, 350 insurance 122 media attention 117, 122-123 Mercury astronauts 122 privacy 123, 124 recruitment of 57, 82, 127, 248, 265 salary 119 selection criteria 118, 119, 127-128 selection process 117-122, 129, 248 Shuttle astronauts 248, 249 training 122-133, 160-163, 209, 248, 265 women 120, 248, 287 Atlantis 253, 295, 296, 332-334, 337, 338, 343 Atlas rocket 17, 23, 37, 38, 56, 68, 69, 72, 80, 236, 237, 262, 285, 326, 344

Atomic Energy Commission 19, 61, 153, 193-196, 348 Atwood, J. Leland 138, 139, 142, 171 Augerson, William S. 119 Augustine Report 344-46 Augustine, Norman 317, 343, 344 Aurora 7 55 AVCO 143, 147, 152, 189 AVRO Aircraft, Ltd. of Canada 24-26, 63, 64, 80, 165, 249, 350

B

Baker, Ellen 303, 337 Bales, Stephen (Steve) 95, 174, 182 Barnes, Major General G. M. 8 Barrett, H. Ray 265 Barrios Technology Inc. 261, 262, 264-265, 342 Batdorf, Dr. S. A. 19 Baudry, Patrick 290, 296, 302 Bay of Pigs 30, 187 Bayne, James A. 46, 48, 62, 63 Bean, Alan 128, 179, 215 Becker, Harold S. 223 Before Lift Off 118, 292, 293 Beggs, James 308, 310 Bell Aerospace 152 Bell Aerosystems 147 Bell Corporation 9 Bell, David 27 Bell Laboratories 32 Bell Telephone 83, 259 BellComm 32, 83, 107, 152 Bendix 152, 203 Bentsen, Sen. Lloyd 214, 318, 330 Bergen, William D. 114, 179 Berglund, Rene A. 189 Berry, Dr. Charles 93-95, 113, 119 Berry, G. 66, 67 Berry, Ron 171 Beyer, Dr. D. H. 118 Bingman, Charles (Chuck) 62 Bird, John D. 144 Bland, William A. 21, 262 Bluford, Guion 249, 289 Boeing 73, 152, 190, 203, 224, 240, 253, 254, 264, 280, 329 Bogart, General Frank A. 205, 211 Boisjoly, Roger 304 Bolender, Carroll 167 Bond, Aleck 21, 49, 63, 102, 104, 114, 129, 130, 162, 189, 197, 213 Bonestell, Chesley 320

391


Suddenly, Tomorrow Came . . .

Borman, Frank 44, 93, 111, 114, 128, 133, 167, 171, 172, 213 Boyer, William J. (Bill) 20, 21, 84, 165 Bradley, Ray 224 Brand, Vance D. 128, 210, 220, 302, 303 Brandon, Floyd 45 Braun, Wernher von 4, 6-9, 11, 12, 19, 23, 27, 30, 73, 99, 101, 104-106, 108, 110, 118, 145, 169, 189, 192, 196, 204, 210, 224, 320, 350 background 7 conflicts with Gilruth 106 contributions to American space program 105 director of Marshall Space Flight Center 27 management style 106 role in Shuttle program 320 testimony at subcommittee hearings 8 Brewer, Jerry 163 Bridges, Sen. Styles 3, 17 British Aerospace Corporation 281 British Interplanetary Society 25 Broadband X-Ray Telescope 342 Brooks, Congressman Jack 319 Brooks, Congressman Overton 18 Broome, Douglas 114 Brown & Root Construction Co. 30, 37, 47, 48, 259 Brown, Clarence 223 Brown, Clinton E. 144 Brown, George R. 30, 37, 41, 260 Brown, Porter 84 Bundy, McGeorge 124 Bush, Dr. Vannevar 4, 5 Bush, President George 330, 332, 333, 334, 337, 342, 343, 345 Butler, Sherwood 23 Byrnes, Martin 39, 41, 42, 46, 48

C

Campagna, I. Edward 37, 41, 45, 46, 48, 62, 63 Canadarm 287, 291, 292, 294, 297 Cape Canaveral 22, 23, 27, 32, 40, 53-55, 70, 74, 77, 82-85, 97, 109-111, 134, 182, 291, 297, 304 communications problems 83 launch facilities 110 Mercury control center 83 provides backup to MCC 92, 103, 109, 110 renamed Kennedy Space Center 111 role in Shuttle program 229 space allocations and ownership 83 Cape Kennedy (see also Cape Canaveral) Carpenter, Malcolm S. 122 Carpenter, Scott 54, 55, 56, 68 Carr, Gerald P. 215

Carrying the Fire 117 Carter, President Jimmy 238 Casey, Bob 41, 42, 51 Centaur rockets 25, 97 Center for Space Power 319 Cernan, Eugene A. 93, 109, 174, 203 Chaffee, Roger 111, 112, 140 Challenger ix, 243, 253, 287, 288, 289, 291-296 Challenger accident 113, 298, 301, 307-312, 314, 317, 321, 326, 344 Chamberlin, James A. (Jim) 58, 63-65, 143 background 79 Gemini Project Manager 78-81, 82, 87, 165 management style 81 reassigned by Gilruth 81 role in forming STG 80 Chance-Vought Missile Program 4, 143 Chang-Diaz, Franklin 337 Charlesworth, Clifford E. 95, 165, 169, photo 171, 172, 178, 198, 305, 325 Charlie Brown 174 Chilton, Robert G. 58, 59, 81 Chimpanzees, used in spaceflight Ham 32, 38, 53, 55, 58 Enos 54 Chrysler Corporation 73, 224 Chu, Dr. Paul 319 Clagett, A. A. 143 Clarke, Arthur C. 25 Clarke, Stuart 42, 61 Clear Lake, Texas 74, 77 Cohen, Aaron vii, 114, 234, 235, 246, 304, 310312, 316-318, 320, 325, 331, 334, 336-339, 342, 344 Cold War 88, 156, 179, 187, 204, 220, 331 effect on space program 187 Collins Radio 143, 152, 260 Collins, Michael photo 94, 117, 121, 285 Colonna, Richard A. 325, 326, 334 Columbia 253, 275, 279, 280, 282, 285, 287-289, 291, 297, 336, 342-344 Columbia University Division of War Research 17 Comet Kohoutek 216 Command Module 90, 92, 107-114, 117, 135, 138, 142, 144, 145, 146, 152, 165, 169, 173-176, 179, 182-184 Commercialization of space 257-269, 344 federal support for 257 small businesses and 257 Committee on Armed Services 1 Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration 28

392


Index

Committee on Science and Astronautics 18, 31 Committee on Scientific Training and Facilities 18 Communications Satellite Corporation 300 Communications, worldwide 77, 95, 126, 138, 140, 152, 156 computer technology 83 contact with spacecraft 82 interface problems 83 light control stations 84-85 technological advances 84, 86 Compton, William David 153, 252 Computer integrations systems 82 Configuration management 77, 88, 90, 91, 92 Conrad, Charles 93, 94, 133, 179, 214 Construction of MSC 46, 48 achievements 47-49 contracts awarded 50 costs 49 Contracting 77, 80, 81, 91, 102, 122, 137-157 benefits of 137 cost-plus-fixed-fee 138, 151 cost-plus-incentive fee 88, 91, 151 impact of government regulations 154 NASA/Contractor relationships 137, 138 necessity of communications 140 Contractors 36, 48, 50, 60-65, 70-74, 80, 85, 92, 97, 98, 102, 106, 107, 113, 114, 134-155, 164, 174, 178, 184, 197, 203, 205, 209, 214-230, 257 Apollo program 65, 150-154 Shuttle program 222, 224 Control Data Corporation 247 Controlled reentry 77, 95 Convair 70-73, 142, 224, 230 Cooper, Henry, Jr. 118, 292, 293 Cooper, Leroy Gordon 68, 69, 70, 82, 93, 122, 133 Corbet, Wayne 223 Corps of Engineers role in design and construction of the MSC 46 supervision of MSC construction 47 Cortright, Edgar M. 99, 104 Covert, Dr. Eugene E. 300 Covey, Richard 326 Covington, Clarke 325 Cox, Catherine Bly 330 Craig, Jerry W. 114 Crippen, Robert 248, 279, 288, 325 Croneis, Carey 37, 41 Cuban Missile Crisis 187 Culbertson, Phil 308 Cunningham, R. Walter 155, 165, 317 Curtis-Wright 4

D

DOrsey, Leo 122, 123 Daniel, Price 50 Darrow, Whitney, Jr. 95 David Clark Company 174 Davis, Hubert P. and Mary 262, 263, 264 Davis, Jeff 42 Davis, Morgan 41 Debus, Kurt H. 100, 109, 110, 192, 196, 210 Deifenbaker, Prime Minister John 24 Delta rocket 291, 307 Dembling, Paul 37, 124 Denver Aerospace 317 Department of Defense (DoD) 2, 4, 9, 13, 83, 98, 160, 281, 285 reaction to Sputnik 3 role in Apollo flights 160, (sidebar 161-162) role in Shuttle program 238, 295 Digital Electronics Corporation 247 Discovery 253, 276, 289-297, 326, 329-333, 342 Disher, John H. 104 Dixon Gun Plant 37 Donlan, Charles 17, 23, 25, 60, 120, 227 Doolittle, General James H. 4 Douglas Aircraft 4, 9, 73, 109, 143, 189, 193 Douglas, Donald W. 4 Dryden Flight Research Center 97, 265 Dryden, Dr. Hugh L. 14, 18-19, 23-30, 32, 35-41 Duff, Brian 181 Duke, Charles M., Jr. 202, 254, 265 Duke, Michael B. 316 Dula, Art 262 Dyna-Soar 9, 189, 240

E

Eagle 176-178 Eagle Engineering 257, 261-264 Eagle-Picher Company 152 Earth Observations Aircraft Program Office 218 Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) 293 Earth Resources Program 209 Economic impact of MSC 150, 209-214, 223, 230, 257-262 Edwards Air Force Base 14, 97, 282, 291, 295, 296 Eggleston, John 180 Eighth International Astronautical Federation Congress 2 Eisele, Donn 155, 165 Eisenhower, President Dwight D. 1-4, 8, 12, 13, 18-20, 24, 27, 28 Electronic Research Center 194 Ellington Air Force Base 36, 41, 46

393


Suddenly, Tomorrow Came . . .

Elms, James C. 78, 86, 141 background 86 named Deputy Director of MSC 87 returns to private industry 88 Emergency escape device 17 Emme, E. M. 196 Endeavour 334, 335 Engineering Computation Facility 247 Engle, Joe H. 280 Enterprise 253, 254, 280, 282 Environmental Protection Agency 154 Epitaxy Center 319 Escape tower 22 Eudy, Glenn 304 European Space Agency 266, 281, 285, 289, 290, 297 Evans, Ronald 203 Explorer I 12 Extravehicular activity (EVA) 56, 77, 93, 94, 174, 274, 287 and Space Lab 215 lunar 178, 179 training 131

Forward, Dr. Robert L. 337 Foster, Willis 153 Freedom 7 32, photo 33, 38, 54, 124 Frick, Charles W. 64, 67, 70, 86 Friendship spacecraft 55 Friendswood Development Corporation 260 Frosch, Dr. Robert A. 238 Fullerton, Charles Gordon 128, 282, 290, 302

G

F

Fabian, John M. 288 Faget, Maxime A. (Max) vii, 10, 14, 17, 19-23, 29, 37, 44, 46, 49, 59-65, 79, 81, 84, 87, 106, 111, 114, 143, 150, 153, 160, 164, 184, 188, 190, 218, 225, photo 280 heads Flight Systems Office 64 MSC Assistant Director 63 resigns to work in private sector 262 role in design of MSC 49 Fairchild Republic 326 Feltz, Charlie 141 Feynman, Dr. Richard P. 300 Fielder, Dennis 78, 82, 84, 85, 164, 165 Fisher, Anna 288, 294 Fisher, William F. 288, 297 Fleming, William (Bill) 104 Fletcher, James C. (Jim) 209, 214, 221, 229, 233, 238, 309-311, 319, 321, 325, 330, 333 Flickinger, Brigadier General Donald D. 120 Flight control 24, 55, 77, 82-85, 103, 163, 164-183, 212, 220, 245, 274-276, 287 Flight endurance 53, 56, 77, 94 Flight simulation systems 86 Flight Systems Office 59, 79 Flory, Donald A. 153 Ford Aerospace 257 Ford, President Gerald 221, 238

Gagarin, Yuri 29, 32, 36, 38, 64, 74 Galileo spacecraft 334, 337 Gallup Poll 331 Garn, Sen. E. J. (Jake) 290, 295, 302 Garneau, Marc 293, 302 Garrett Corporation 143, 147, 152, 174 Garriott, Owen K. 215 Gavin, James M. 29 Gemini Incentive Task Group 91 Gemini program ix, 31, 32, 53, 55, 61-65, 70-74, 77, 90, 97-111, 115-133, 138, 140, 141, 145, 155, 163-167, 174, 179, 181, 188, 189, 197, 205, 210, 216, 229, 230, 233, 238, 240, 274, 276, 278, 279, 287, 303, 311, 312, 336, 350 contracts 79 costs 80 initiated 56 lessons from 94 management requirements 87 origin of name 79 reconfigured 74, role of private sector 79 technological achievements 83, 85, 95 Gemini Project Office 63, 64, 67, 79-81, 104, 165 improvements 92 management crisis 81 Gemini spacecraft 89, 164 construction difficulties 141 Gemini 1 56 Gemini 2 86 Gemini 3 86, 92, 93, 134, 279 Gemini 4 92 Gemini 5 93 Gemini 6 93 Gemini 7/6 58, 93, 163 Gemini 8 93, 111, 164, 265 Gemini 9 93, 111 Gemini 10 94, 95, 111 Gemini 11 97 Gemini 12 97 interior design 93 operations and mission control 82

394


Index

specifications 80 two-man 80 unmanned 77 Gemini-Apollo Executive Group 140 General Dynamics 22, 64, 65, 142, 143, 224, 225, 226, 230, 308, 311, 329 General Electric 64, 113, 142, 143, 146, 152, 211, 224, 230, 259, 263, 266, 329 General Motors 139, 148, 151, 152, 174 General Precision 174 General Services Administration 45 Georgia Institute of Technology 211, 279, 281 German rocket scientists 5-9, 17, 105-106, 297, 300 German Rocket Society 6 German Space Operations Center 297 Germany, Daniel M. 334 Getaway Specials 282, 288, 289, 295-298 Gibson, Edward G. 128, 215 Gibson, Robert L. (Hoot) 249, 288, 290, 302, 303 Gillespie, Ben 42, 46 Gilruth, Robert Rowe (Bob) viii, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18-89, 101-114, 119-127, 133, 134, 141-146, 154, 169-172, 180, 181, 184, 189, 190-198, 209, 219-229, 260, 314, 337, 350, photo 352 abolishes Mercury Project Office 74 and NASA growth pressures 26 announces cost cutting program 88 assigns tiger team after Apollo fire 114 commissions JSC self-study 209 concerns about post-Apollo goals 192, 193 conflicts with von Braun 106 contributions to the MSC 58 creates Apollo Project Office 65 creates Gemini Project Office 79 Director of MSC 77, 101 Director of STG 23 Gilruth system 53, 58, 60 influence on space program 59-60, 125 management style 58-59, 60, 106 organizes MSC 63-65 organizes Space Task Group 21, 35, 350 reaction to Houston location 40-41 reorganizes MSC 82, 87 resolves Gemini Management Crisis 81 retirement 198 role in Apollo flights 169 role in locating MSC to Houston 37 transfers to Houston 47 Glenn L. Martin Company 9, 79, 86 Glenn, John 54, 55, 68, 85, 121-125, 128, 295 Glennan, Thomas Keith 15, 19, 20, 23, 27-29, 35, 36, 37, 38, 119

Goddard, Robert H. 6, 7, 26, 350 Goddard Space Flight Center 22, 26, 27, 31, 35-37, 83, 85, 86, 92, 97, 110, 160, 180, 181, 234, 239, 248, 266, 275, 290, 292, 329, 350 Goett Committee 64 Goett, Harry 26, 27, 35, 36, 188 Goetz, Robert C. 198, 308, 310 Goodwin, Burney 42 Goodyear Aircraft Corporation 79 Goodyear Tire and Rubber 260 Gordon, Richard F. 94, 133, 179 Graham, William R. 308-310 Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Deficit Reduction Bill 343 Graves, Barry 84, 87, 88 Gray, Wilber H. 174 Griffin, Gerald 95, 171, 172, 179, 181, 184, 197199, 295, 307-311, 315, 317, 319, 332, 352 Griffin, Richard L. (Larry) 301, 310 Grillo, Steve 123 Grimwood, James 79 Grissom, Virgil I. 54, photo 55, 88, 92, 111, 112, 121-128, 140 Gross, Robert E. 4 Ground-based computer control systems 74 Ground Rules for Manned Lunar Reconnaissance 64 Grumman Aerospace/Boeing 224, 257, 261 Grumman Aircraft Corporation 93, 142, 143, 154, 167, 189, 190, 193, 203, 230, 250, 326 develops the lunar excursion module 82, 114, 144, 152, 173, 174 Gulfgate Shopping Center 43, 45 Gulfstream II 249 Gustke, Brigadier General Russel F. 37 Guthrie, George 126

H

Hacker, Barton 79 Hage, George 169, 181 Hagerty, James C. 2 Haise, Fred W. 182 Hale, N. Wayne, Jr. 159 Hall, Walter 193 Halleys Comet 297 Hamlin, Jim 86 Hammack, Jerome B. 102, 104, 161, 165, 170, 213, 218, 262, 266 Hamill, Major James P. 8 Hanaway, John 262 Haney, Paul 78, 92, 93, 104, 133, 134, 170, 181 Hannah, David, Jr. 266, 281

395


Suddenly, Tomorrow Came . . .

Hansen, James E. 14 Hanson, Grant 225 Hartke, Sen. Vance 235 Hartman, Harvey 324, 331 Hauersperger, Karla 282 Hawley, Steven A. 288, 290, 302, 303 Hayden, Sen. Carl 12 Hayes International Corporation 260 Hazard Analysis Group 304 Healy, John P. 114 Hearings 4-5, 11-14 Hello, Bastian 114 Hermes II program 9 Hernandez Engineering 261, 266 Hernandez, Miguel A., Jr. 262, 265, 266 Hess, Dr. Wilmot N. 170, 180, 181 Hicks, Roger 335 High altitude rocket research 7-9 High Speed Flight Center (see Dryden Flight Research Center) Hilmers, David 326 Hjornevik, Wesley 20, 35, 36, 37, 39, 42, 44, 45, 61- 66, 70, 87, 89, 91, 119, 143, 170, 230 Hobby, William P. 108 Hodge, John D. 64, 83-86, 92, 94, 162-165, 225 Hoffman, Samuel K. 138 Hoften, James Van 290, 292, 297, 302 Holley, I. B., Jr. 105, 106 Holloway, Tommy W. 301 Holmes, D. Brainerd 32, 37, 86, 101 background 71 Director 71 heads Office of Manned Space Flight 51, 107 reorganizes NASA administrative systems 107 Honeywell, Incorporated 143, 149, 152 Horton, Eugene 42, 125, 134, 254 Horwitz, Solis 2 Hotz, Robert B. 300 Houbolt, Dr. John C. 144, 145 House Committee on Science and Astronautics 20, 31, 38, 39, 41, 42, 50, 102 House Select Committee hearings 14 House Select Committee on Aeronautics and Space Exploration 17, 28 House Subcommittee on Manned Space Flight 187 House, R. O. 20 Houston Advanced Research Center 317 Houston Post 108 Houston, Texas 5, 15 celebrates opening of MSC 50-51 chosen by NASA for spaceflight laboratory 33, 35-42

first considered for location of manned spacecraft program 36 local economy and the space program 150, 257, 259, 260, 350 support for MSC 42, 257 Hubble Space Telescope 334, 338, 342, 343, 344 Huffstetler, William 312, 313, 324 Hughes Aircraft 4, 143 Humble Oil Company 37, 41 Humphrey, Vice President Hubert 191 Huntoon, Carolyn L. 316, 324, 331 Huntsville, Alabama 17, 19, 23, 27, 145, 169, 215, 246, 350 Hurley, Roy T. 4 Hurricane Carla 41, 42 Hutchinson, Neil 309 Hyland, Lawrence 4 IBM 84-86, 146, 152, 230, 247, 248, 257, 259, 326 Indonesian Government 288, 291 Industrial support of space program 103, 137-157 Insects in Flight Motion Study 282 International Geophysical Year 2, 9 International Latex Corporation 152, 174 Intrepid 179 Introduction to Outer Space, An Explanatory Statement 13 Irwin, James 128, 200, 201, 254

I

J

James, Lee B. 169 Jeffs, George 317 Jet Propulsion Laboratory 7, 9, 97-98, 277, 317 Johns Hopkins Hospital 281 Johnson and Johnson 282 Johnson, Caldwell C. 22, 224 Johnson, Harold I. 126 Johnson, Kimble 25 Johnson, President Lyndon B. ix, 1- 3, 12, 13, 15, 17, photo 18, 19, 28, 29, 30, 32, 41, 42, 50, 51, 73, 74, 82, 88, 113, 135, 165, 178, 187, 188, 190-192, 196, 214 background 5 compares Sputnik crisis to Pearl Harbor 4 holds subcommittee hearings 4-5, 11 signs first space treaty 140 Johnson Space Center (JSC) (see Manned Spacecraft Center) Johnston, R.E. 262, 263 Johnson, Ray 19 Johnston, Richard S. (Dick) 49, 114

396


Index

Juno launch vehicle 9, 12, 72 Jupiter rocket program 9, 12, 22, 73, 110, 334, 337, 343

K

Kaplan, Marvin 45 Kapryan, Walter J. 110 Karman, Theodore von 7 Keldysh, Mstislav V. 218 Keller, K. T. 9 Kelly, William R. 211, 324, 331 Kennedy, President John F. ix, 22, 27, 28, 30-33, 39, 41, 54, 123, 124, 145, 160, 176, 178 announces lunar landing initiative 141, 187 effect of assassination on space program 74, 111 relies on Johnson for space leadership 29 visits MSC 51, 73 Kennedy Space Center (KSC) (see also Cape Canaveral) 74, 85, 86, 97, 98, 101, 103, 107, 109-115, 133, 134, 150, 151, 160, 169, 179, 182, 184, 196, 198, 199, 202, 210, 211, 215, 225, 227, 234, 253, 277, 287, 289, 295, 325, 337, 338 Kentron International 264 Kerr, Sen. Robert 50 Kerwin, Lt. Commander Joseph 128, 129, 215 Killian, Dr. James R. 4, 17 King, Elbert A., Jr. 153 Kinzler, Jack 23, 66, 89 Kissinger, Henry 229 Kleinknecht, Kenneth S. 11, 56, 65, 67, 81, 89, 103, 106, 143, 174, 213 becomes Manager of Project Mercury 61, 63 heads Gemini Incentive Task Group 91 manages Skylab Program Office 211 moves to Houston 56, 61 Kohl, Chancellor Helmut 291 Kohrs, Richard (Dick) 304, 305, 324, 325, 335 Koppenhaver, James T. 143 Kotanchik, Joseph 114 Kraft, Christopher 10, 21, 55, 58, 59, 60, 63, 65, 66, 81-89, 92, 93, 103, 109, 144, 163, 164, 165, 169, 170, 172, 179, 181, 184, 198, 199, 211-215, 235, 238, photo 280 designs Mercury control center 86 heads Flight Operations Division 73 Mission Operations Director 93, 209, photo 352 Kranz, Eugene 84, 92, 170, 175, 181, photo 280 background 163 role in Apollo flights 160, 165, 171-173, 176178, 183, 184 Kranzberg, Dr. Melvin 281 Kruschev, Nikita 27

Kubasov, Valeriy 220, 221 Kurbjun, Max C. 144 Kusske, Amy 282 Kutyna, Major General Donald J. 300 Kyle, Howard 84, 165

L

LaBerge, Walter 86 Lambert, C. Harold 335 Landing Safety Team 305 Lang, Dave W. 58, 61, 65, 143, 260 Lange, Oswald H. 143 Langley Aeronautical Laboratory 10, 11, 14, 15, 19, 23, 24, 83, 97, 350 Langley Research Center 31, 35, 36, 45, 58, 61, 98, 99, 144, 234, 238, 240-243, 277, 308, 315, 335 Lauderdale, Lloyd 317 Launch Abort and Crew Escape Team 305 Launch vehicle, capabilities 236, 294, 295, 309, 312, 339 man-rated 130 reusable 72, 237 Lead Center Management System 233, 346, 273, 311 Leadership Report 321, 325 Lee, Chester M. 181 Lee, Dr. William A. 174 Leonov, Alexei A. 220, 221 Levine, Arnold S. 137, 194 Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory 14, 20, 21 Lewis Research Center 17, 32, 35-37, 97, 224, 274, 277, 278, 311, 329 Lewis, George 21 Lichtenberg, Bryon 289, 302 LifeSat 313 Life Sciences Advisory Committee 119 Lilly, William E. 102 Lindburgh, Charles 7 Lindeman, Richard E. 112 Lippmann, Walter 1 Lister, Jack 329 Little Joe launch vehicle 10, 17, 23, 38, 53, 60 Llewellyn, John S. 165 Lockheed 4, 142, 143, 152, 221, 224, 230, 250, 257, 259, 260, 261, 264, 279, 308 Loftus, Joseph P., Jr. 79, 81, 123, 125, 236, 263, 286, 313 Long, Dr. Donlin M. 281 Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) 291, 292, 334, 338 Los Alamos Laboratory 160 Lounge, Mike 290, 302, 303,326

397


Suddenly, Tomorrow Came . . .

Lousma, Jack R. 215, 282, 302 Lovelace, Dr. Randolph II 119, 120, 238 Lovell, James A., Jr. 93, 171, 182, 288 Low, George 17, 21, 22, 27-29, 36, 37, 42, 57, 58, 64, 70, 71, 88, 100, 102, 104, 103, 105, 107, 108, 109, 113, 114, 120, 133, 143, 188, 219, 227, 229, 237, 303, 336 Apollo Program Manager 114, 169 background 21-22 head of Manned Lunar Landing Task Group 36 interface with STG 100 named Deputy Director of MSC 88 role in Gemini program 104 role in Mercury program 73 LTV Corporation (Ling-Temco-Vought) 259, 317 Lucid, Shannon 337 Luna spacecraft 27 Lunar and Mars Exploration Activity 335 Lunar and Planetary Institute 251, 252, 254, 315 Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) 73, 82, 98, 107, 114, 134, 144, 159 Lunar expeditions 179, 187 Lunar landing (see Apollo program) 54, 64, 65, 73, 77, 93, 94, 95, 103, 109, 133, 134, 142, 144, 145, 156, 165, 171-180, 187-202, 205, 331, 333 20th anniversary 337 initiative 33, 141 Lunar mission inception and design ix, 31 Lunar orbital missions 169 training 127 versus Earth orbital missions 64, 160 world reaction 157 , 175, 179 Lunar module 159, 160, 169, 182, 200, photo 200 Lunar probes 192 Lunar Receiving Laboratory 153, 154, 180, 251, 252, 254 Lunar roving vehicle 200 Lunar soil 199 Lunar-Mars initiative 335, 337, 339, 342-345 Lunney, Glynn 95, 165, 178, 179, 182, 184, 220, 278, 307, 337

M

Malfunction procedures 172 Malina, Frank J. 7 Man-rated design criteria 279 Managing NASA in the Apollo Era 137 Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) 291, 294 Manned Orbiting Laboratory Program 279 Manned satellite 22, 35 Manned space laboratory 64

Manned space program 17, 18, 20, 26-28, 72, 77, 112, 113 debate over 30 early years 28 economic benefits 31 funding 31, 36, 58, 75 personnel and management problems 32, 107, 108 public reaction 30, 35, 150 Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) (also Johnson Space Center) vii, ix, 10, 14, 15, 19, 20, 22, 33, 36, 78, 97-115, 273, 329, 350 aftermath of Challenger accident 307, 314, 321, 335 becomes fully operational 47, 53, 77, 78 capabilities 312, 338 computer technology 247-248 construction cost 38, 40, 49-50, 75 construction design criteria 47 contractor relations 71, 257 division of labor and administrative structure 22 economic impact on Texas economy 150, 257, 259, 268-269, 350 effects of layoffs 211-14, 216, 233, 261, 268 engineering facilities 242, 246, 251 engineering philosophy 209 inception 20, 53 lead center 235-255, 311, 335, 336, 350 management 60--66, 97-118, 307, 336, 347, 350 move to permanent quarters 75 organizational problems 86-87 organizational review (1972) 205 personality 99-101, 105 personnel 63-64, 75, 77 political influence on new location 41-42, 260 potential sites 39 program 103, 105, 107-109, 117, 312, 350 program offices 63 relations with NASA Headquarters and other centers 104-106, 307 relocated to Houston, Texas 37-40, 63, photo 40 renamed Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center 214 reorganization 87, 89-90, 211, 216 responsibilities during Apollo 64 role in research and development 255 role in Shuttle program 229, 233-255, 260, 311, 319, 350 senior staff meetings 68-69 shuttle laboratories 241, 251 social consciousness 254 temporary office locations 46, map 48 ties with the academic community 313-318

398


Index

Manned spacecraft network 84 Maneuverable manned satellite 188 Marine Corps 215, 282 Mark, Hans 290, 295, 308, 332 Marquardt Corporation 143, 148, 152, 174, 188, 189 Mars 12, 13, 192 Mars Mission 313, 320, 321, 330-345, 350 Marshall Space Flight Center 27, 36, 73-75, 97113, 138-144, 150, 160, 167, 169, 189, 196, 203, 210-215, 221-230, 233, 234, 253, 277, 304, 307, 311, 312, 326, 329 role in Apollo program 107, 108 role in Gemini program 107 role in Space Shuttle program 222, 253 Spacelab Program office 281 Martin Company 79, 86, 142, 143 Martin, Lou 113 Martin Marietta 64, 65, 114, 203, 211, 224, 263, 317, 343 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 4, 5, 23, 60, 64, 65, 199, 289, 300 Mathews, Charles W. 11, 17, 21, 23, 25, 62, 81-84, 126, 143, 165, 189 background 81-82 named head of Gemini Project Office 81, 87 named head of Spacecraft Research Division 63 Mathews, Fred 84 Mattingly, Thomas K. 128, 182, 202, 203, 282, 290, 302 Mayer, John P. 21, 165, 212 McAuliffe, Christa 293, 290, 299, 303 McCandless, Bruce 128, 291, 302, 303 McCarty, Bill J. 304 McCormack, John W. 12, 17 McCulley, Mike 303, 337 McCurdy, Howard E. 330 McDivitt, Jim 44, 93, 128 McDonnell Aircraft Corporation 23, 63, 79-82, 9193, 141, 143, 189 and incentive fee contracts 91, 151 manufactures Gemini spacecraft 79, 82 manufactures Mercury spacecraft 8, 80 suggests Gemini 7/6 rendezvous 93 McDonnell Douglas 211, 223, 224, 230, 257, 261, 266, 282, 293, 317, 329 McElroy, Neil H. 2, 3, 4 McKenzie, Joe 65 McKenzie, Virginia 65 McKinley, C.H. 317 McMullen, Thomas H. 181 Medaris, Major General John B. 9, 110

Medical Operations Office 67, 119, 170 Mendell, Dr. Wendell 252 Merbold, Ulf 289, 302 Mercury astronauts 51 Mercury Mark II 79, 80 Mercury program project ix, 10, 14, 17, 22-32, 3638, 53-74, 77, 79-87, 89, 94, 95, 97, 98, 100, 103-115, 118-133, 144, 146, 152, 155, 162-165, 179, 188, 216, 224, 229, 230, 233, 287, 303, 311, 312, 331, 336, 350 completion of 53, 70-71, 82 costs 28 management 73, 86 problems 28, 53 public reaction 82 successes 53 Mercury Project Office 48, 55, 56, 61, 63, 74, 211 Mercury spacecraft 23, 53, 54, 80, 87, 107, 109, 133, 138, 189, 197, 205, 274 flight control 55, 162 redesign 79 Mercury-Atlas 38, 55, 56, 69, 70, 80 Mercury-Redstone 3 54, 69 Mexico 85, 296, 297 Meyer, Andre 17, 22 Michael, William H. 144 Military role in space program 10-14, 18, 129 Miller, John Q. 304 Miller, Thomas D. 192 Miller, George P. (Rep.) 18, 39, 50 Miller, Philip 37, 39 Minneapolis-Honeywell 152 Minority astronaut candidates 288 Missile and satellite programs 1, 2, 4, 5, 11 Missile Firing Laboratory 110 Missile gap ix, 5, 26, 27, 28 Mission Control Center 85, 86, 103, 117, 131-135, 152, 160, 165, 172, 173, 176-184, 197, 202, 214, 241, 247, 248, 274-278, 288, 292, 294, 326 at Cape Canaveral 53 malfunction procedures 164 press access to 182 reestablished in Houston 74, 82, 84 role in Apollo flights 159, 163, 175 Mission Specialists 248, 249, 337 Mississippi Test Facility 278 Mitchell, Edgar Dean 128, 199, 265 Mitchell, George 318 Moore, Jesse W. 308, 310, 311 Morgan, Barbara 293 Morris, Owen 169, 171, 172, 235, 257, 262-264, 273, 278

399


Suddenly, Tomorrow Came . . .

Morton, Thiokol 301, 326 Motorola 148, 152 Mtekateka, Bishop Josiah 93 Mueller, George E. 71, 74, 99-102, 104, 108, 123, 133, 140, 141, 146, 159, 169, 190-196, 223-227 background 101-102 relations with Congress 102 role in Headquarters administrative changes 101, Murray, Charles 139, 330 Musgrave, F. Storey 128, 287 Muskie, Edmund 235 Myers, Dale D. 146, 184, 196, 210, 226, 227, 238

N

Nagy, Alex P. 79 National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) 4, 6, 9-14, 17-22, 57-59, 61, 70, 81, 86, 97, 98, 101, 105, 114, 123, 137, 224, 234, 262, 339, 347, 350 appropriations bills 36, 38, 191 conference on high speed aerodynamics 14 differences between NACA and NASA 59 founded by Congress 10 management 99 pilotless aircraft research 17 public relations activities 77 reconstituted as NASA 10 NASA Advisory Committee 344 NASA Appropriations Bill 36-38 NASA Commercial Centers of Excellence 317 NASA Oversight Committee 190, 259 NASA Planning Steering Group 195, 225 NASA Road One 48 NASA Source Evaluation Board 143 NASA spacecraft center 22 National Academy of Sciences 13 National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (see NACA) National Aeronautics and Space Act 11, 14, 18 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ix, 4, 10, 14-51, 57-65, 68, 70-75, 7793, 97-115, 117-146, 150-156, 159-194, 209211, 214-231, 257-267, 273-282, 285-305, 329347, 307-328 budget and personnel 152, 153, 154 funding 36, 342 Headquarters 21, 22, 35-38, 41-48, 78, 79, 98111, 114-127, 133, 134, 138, 140, 143, 152, 153, 169, 181, 189, 193, 195, 198, 205, 209210, 214, 220, 223-226, 273, 295 history 97-98

locates spaceflight laboratory to Houston 35 organizational problems 31, 100 program offices 32 National Aeronautics and Space Agency 14 National Aeronautics and Space Council 14, 28, 30, 192 National Broadcasting Company (NBC) 78 National Commission on Space 307, 320, 321 National Electronics Corporation 154 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 160 National Science Foundation 3, 13 National Science Teachers Association 282 National Space Council 307, 318, 333, 338, 343, 346 National Space Transportation Program Office 307, 325, 335 Naval Research Laboratory 2, 9, 12, 26, 293 Nebrig, Daniel A. 320 Neil, Roy 78, 331 Nelson, Congressman Bill 298 Nelson, George 326, photo 292, 297 Nelson, Todd 282 New Initiatives Office 268, 305, 312-317, 325, 327 New Projects Panel 64 Newell, Homer 32, 153, 195, 196, 210, 225 Nicholson, Leonard 301, 305, 335 Nicks, Oren 28, 29, 102, 315, 316, 318 Nieman, Ed 163 Nixon, President Richard M. 27, 28, 177-179, 196, 203, 204, 214, 218-229, 257-261 authorizes development of Space Shuttle 206, 235 goals for Shuttle program 229, 257 North American Aviation 69, 73, 74, 78, 79, 86, 93, 109-114, 137, 138, (sidebar 139), 141-146, 151, 152, 171, 173, 178-190, 222, 250 and paraglider landing system 75, 79 constructs launch escape tower 109 independent reports on Apollo fire 113 merges with Rockwell 111 Rocketdyne Division 138 wins contract for Saturn V booster 74 wins contract for 3-man spacecraft 73, 143 North American Rockwell Corporation 37, 137, 179, 203, 211, 220-234, 250, 257, 261, 262, 287 North, Warren 17, 19, 22, 78, 83, 104, 127 Northrop Corporation 143, 152 Norton, David J. 315, 316, 317, 318 Notkin and Company 154 Nova launch vehicle 64, 72

400


Index

O

Oak Ridge National Laboratory 153 Oberth, Hermann 6, 7, 350 Occupational and Safety Act of 1970 154 Occupational Safety and Health Administration 154 Office of Commercial Programs 319 Office of External Relations 198 Office of Management and Budget 194, 235 Office of Manned Space Flight 32, 37, 51, 99, 103, 104, 107, 128, 129, 146, 190, 227 Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications 280, 293 Office of Space Flight Programs 36 Office of Space Science and Applications 98, 128, 129, 152, 282, 293 Office of Space Station 308 Office space 45, 46 interim facilities, Houston 1962, map 48 Omniplan 342 Operation Paperclip 8 Operations Support Contract 342 Orbital maneuvering system 230 Orbiter Project Office 234, 235, 245, 311, 326 Ordnance Guided Missile Center 9 Outer space, development of 12

P

Pacsynski, Al 249 Paine, Thomas O. 169, 184, 196, 209 head of National Commission on Space 307 NASA administrator 104, 160, 218, 227 Paraglider landing system 74, 80 PARD 10, 11, 21 Parker, Robert 128 Parker Seal Company 304 Parker, W. A. 42, 45 Parsons, John M. 37, 39 Partners in Recovery 161 Partners in Space 288, 318 Patillo, Pat 46 Paup, John W. 138, 141, 142, 143 Payload Integration Office 245, 278, 282 Payload Operations Control Center 275 Payload Specialists 249, 289, 293, 295, 296, 297 Pearson, Ernest O., Jr. 36 Peck, Robert 42 Pentagon 120, 295 Perkins, Ray 264 Perot, H. Ross 332 Perry, S. O. 4 Pesek, Joan 44

Peterson, Carl 223, 262 Peterson, Donald H. 128, 287 Peterson, John 78 Petrone, Rocco A. 169, 209 Philco 84, 85, 86, 166, 167, 260 Philco-Ford 146, 152, 259 Phillips, Franklin 43 Phillips, Sam 101-3, 104, 107, 132, 134, 169, 181, 189, 257, 309, 311, 319 Phillips, W. Hewitt 58, 59 Physical effects of long-duration spaceflight 95 Piland, Bob 60, 64, 65, 70, 73, 143, 180, 212, 216, 262 Piland, Joseph V. 154, 180, 212, 216, 262 Pilotless Aircraft Research Station (see also Wallops Station) 10, 14, 17, 97, 350 Pitzer, Kenneth 41 Pogue, William R. 128, 215 Pohl, Henry O. 81, 242, 246, 324 Polaris Missile 9, 56 Porter, W. Arthur (Skip) 316, 317, 318 Powers, John A. (Shorty) 41, 42, 77, 78, 122-125, 133, 201 Pratt & Whitney 74, 143, 146, 149, 152, 174 Precision Rubber Products 304 Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee hearings 1-5, 8, 11, 12 Presidents Scientific Advisory Board 17, 113 Pressure suits 74, 77, 80, 126, 131 Pressurized capsule 17 Preston, G. Merritt 17, 22, 35, 55, 65, 66, 83-89, 108-110 Project HYWARDS 9 Project Mercury (see Mercury Program Project) Project Offices 64 Project ORDCIT 8 Project Rover 3 Propulsion systems 97, 141-144, 155, 168, 181, 183, 184, 211, 222, 273, 339, 342 Proxmire, Sen. William 191, 235 Public Affairs Office 78, 89, 104, 117, 125, 134, 324 Public relations 77-78, 104, 123, 133 Purser, Paul 10, 11, 17, 19-25, 35, 37, 50, 58, 63, 65, 67, 78, 81, 82, 104-106, 189, 195, 314

Q R

Quarantine procedures 199 Quayle, Vice President Dan 317, 333, 343 Radiation, Inc. 174

401


Suddenly, Tomorrow Came . . .

Radio Corporation of America (RCA) 71, 83, 152, 174, 257, 263, 297, 290, 311 Raines, Martin L. 304 Ranger 7 171, 173 Ray, Leon 304 Ray, Rex 61, 62 Rayburn, Sam 5, 42 Raytheon 152 Reagan, President Ronald 257, 280, 291, 293, 295, 297, 299, 308, 317, 330 Redding, Ed 37 Redstone Arsenal 4, 9, 73 Redstone rocket 3, 7, 9, 17, 19, 22, 23, 27, 38, 54, 69, 72, 77, 83, 105-107, 110, 130, 262, 163 Redundancy systems 130, 173, 235, 241 Rees, Eberhard 169, 196, 210, 312 Remote Manipulator System 149 Rendezvous and docking 56, 58, 59, 64, 70, 71, 73, 77, 79, 80, 92-95, 103, 142, 144, 145, 160, 164, 165, 174, 178, 189, 209, 211, 219, 221 Rendezvous Committee 144 Reorganizations 88-90, 95, 107 Reusable Ground Launch Vehicle Concept and Development Planning Study 223 Rice University 37, 40, 259, 260 provides site for spacecraft center 33, 39, 41, 47, 48, 51 Richard, Ludie G. 169 Richardson, Herbert H. 317 Ride Report 344 Ride, Dr. Sally K. 287, 288, 300-304, 311, 321 Roberts, Tecwyn (Tec) 26, 84, 85, 165 Robinson, Emyre Barrios 262, 264 Rockefeller Brothers Fund 12 Rockefeller, Nelson 12 Rocket Research Project 7 Rocketdyne 73, 74, 109, 138, 145, 174, 329 chosen to design Shuttle engines 230 prime contractor, Saturn propulsion systems 138 Rockwell International 65, 139, 230, 238, 253, 264, 308, 317, 326, 335, 342 Rockwell Standard 139 Rockwell, Willard F. 137 Rogers Commission 299, 300, 307, 321, 326, 329, 349 Rogers, William P. 299 Roland, Alex 330 Roosa, Stuart Allen 128, 199 Roosevelt, President Franklin 5 Roosevelt, President Theodore 15 Root, Eugene 4 Rose, Rodney G. (Rod) 24, 25, 26, 53, 81, 274

Rosen, Milton 195, 225 Rothrock, Addison M. 36 Rummel, Robert W. 300 Russell, Sen. Richard B. 2 Russian Space Program 17, 29, 32 Rutland, C. H. 223 Ryan Aeronautical Company 79 Ryker, Norman 141

S

Satellites ASC-1 290, 297 Arabsat 290, 296 ASTRO-1 342 AUSSAT 290, 297 GLOMR 296, 297 Leasat-3 296 NUSAT 296 Palapa B 285, 288, 291, 294 SATCOM Ku-2 297-290 SOLAR MAX 291, 292 SYNCOM-3 289, 290, 296, 297 SYNCOM-4 290, 294, 296, 297 Telestar 285, 289, 290, 296 Telesat 288 Telstar 1 285, 289, 296 Westar VI 291, 294 Saturn program 27, 54, 64, 107, 108 Saturn rocket 72, 73, 74, 77, 82, 93, 97, 103, 105, 107-115, 134-144, 152, 155, 160, 165, 169, 171, 173, 175, 189, 203, 210, 222, 223, 236 Saudi Arabia 296 Sauter, Linda 44 Scheer, Julian 133 Scherer, Lee R. 210 Schirra, Walter (Wally) 68, 70, 88, 93, 121, 122, 128, 133, 155, 165, 201 Schmitt, Sen. Harrison Hagan (Jack) 128, 203, 252, 295 Schnyer, A. Daniel 223 School of Aviation Medicine 119 Science Advisory Committee 4, 13, 28, 30, 113, 173, 193, 195 Science and Applications Directorate 154, 170, 180, 181, 213, 218, 219, 244, 246, 251 Science Applications International 342 Scott Science & Technology 201, 265, 266 Scott, David R. 93, 111, 200, 201, 265 Scout launch vehicle 72 Scriven, General George P. 10 Scully-Power, Paul 293 Seabrook, Texas 260

402


Index

Seamans, Robert C., Jr. 32, 79, 101, 124, 141, 144, 145 Security 1, 5, 19, 66, 84, 85, 89, 90, 119, 120, 123, 156, 191, 193, 239, 294, 295, 324, 333 Seddon, Margaret Rhea 288, 290, 302 Select Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration 12 Selection and Training of Personnel for Space Flight 118 Sells, S. B. 118 Senate Select Committee on Space and Astronautics 17 Shaffer, Philip C. 183 Sharp, Frank 124 Shea, Joseph F. (Joe) 70, 71, 87, 107, 113, 114, 189 Shepard, Alan B., Jr. 32, photo 33, 38, 53, 54, 78, 85, 122, 127, 124, 163, 199, 201 Sheppard, Dr. Sallie 318 Sherman, Milton 141, 142 Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL) 230 Shuttle landing strips 239, 250 Shuttle Management Structure Team 304 Shuttle Mission Simulator (SMS) 248, 250, 278 Shuttle Payload Activities Team 277 Shuttle Payload Integration and Development Program Office 278 Shuttle Program Office 165, 233, 234, 262, 273, 282, 335 Shuttle Program Task Group 227 Silverstein, Abe 17, 18, 19, 23, 26, 31, 36, 57, 79, 102, 104, 120 background 21-22 Director of Goddard Space Flight Center 35 establishes Manned Space Flight Office 21 interface with STG 100 leaves NASA 32, 37 rift with Gilruth 27, 35 role in Mercury program 71 role in relocating manned spacecraft program 36, 37 Silviera, Milton A. 230 Simpkinson, Scott 17, 22, 23, 109, 114, 169 Singer Link Division 248, 252, 265, 278 Sisk, Congressman B. F. 18 Sixth International History of Astronautics Symposium 17 Sjoberg, Sigurd A. 198, 209 Skylab Program Office 211 Skylab vii, 127, 178, 188, 190, 197, 203- 205, 207, 209-211, 214-216, 218, 221, 226, 229, 231, 234, 238, 251, 254, 274, 276, 282, 288, 312, 321

Slayton, Donald K. (Deke) 68, 70, 111, 120, 121, 125, 126, 169, 184, 220, 266 astronaut 122 Director for Flight Crew Operations 73, 87 Head of the Astronaut Office 73, 127 resigns to work in private sector 262 Slayton, Kent 68 Sloop, John 104 Small and Disadvantaged Business Office 268 Small Business Innovation Development Act of 1982 266 Small businesses 150, 154, 257, 267, 268 Sneider, William C. 181 Snoopy 174 Solid Rocket Boosters 238, 253, 279, 285, 301, 326 Sonett, Dr. C. P. 129 Soviet space program 1 Space vii, 159, 196 mission control 159 race i, 27, 54, 135, 315 role in space exploration 209 Space Act 11, 14, 18, 19, 294 amendment 30 Space Act of 1958 15 Space Adaptation Syndrome 288 Space Advisory Board 317, 318 Space Age 18, 19, 49, 105-106, 196 Space Business Research Center 319 Space Business Roundtable 317 Space Center Houston 331, 332 Space Council 14, 28, 29, 30 Space Environment Simulation Laboratory (SESL) 131 Space Exploration Initiative 337, 338, 342 Spaceflight costs 57, 75 German role in 105-106 historical significance ix human dimensions 118-133 technical challenges 56-57 Spaceflight program 17 Space Foundation 317, 319 Space Industries, Inc. 264 Space News Roundup 44, 55, 70, 74, 78 Space Research Center 314-319 Space Services Inc. 266-267, 281 Space Shuttle Program ix, 193, 195, 196, 206, 209231,233-255, 319, 325, 330, 339 Canadian-sponsored experiments 293 challenges 233, 343 compared with other programs 274 contractors 222, 224, 230, 260

403


Suddenly, Tomorrow Came . . .

costs 236-239, 285, 286, 295 design and testing requirements 235 development 274 early concepts 222 effect of Challenger disaster 335 experiments 338 financial resources 235, 236-239 first commercial package 282 first shuttle flight 253, 273 flight requirements 285 getaway special 282, 298, 295 laboratories 241, 251 launch vehicles 238 management 224, 234, 308, 312, 319 oceanographic experiments 293 orbiter modifications 326 payload planning 275, 285 post-Challenger changes 343 project office 213 public interest 293 public support for 273, 280 purpose 309 remote manipulator (Canadarm) 287, 291-297 retrieve and repair satellite 292 satellites deployed 296-298 scientific knowledge 252, 281 shuttle pallet satellite (SPAS) 287 summary of shuttle flights 302-304 technical challenges 233, 234, 239, 279 technological innovations 251-252 training 293 Space Station Freedom vii, 233, 264, 329, 334, 335, 337, 339, 345, 346, 350 Space Station Projects Office 325, 335, 336 Space station vii, ix, 188-196, 204, 205, 210, 221226, 252, 258, 268, 273, 295, 297, 307-313, 319321, 325-339, 342-347 Space suit 112, 130, 131, 152, 174, 287, 292 Space Task Group (STG) vii, 11, 15, 20, 21, 25-27, 31, 32, 38-45, 53, 57-59, 61-64, 71, 77-84, 98101, 105, 106-115, 119, 120, 142, 163, 189, 196, 225, 227, 229, 234, 249, 278, 335 addresses Mercury technical problems 38 location 35, 36 organization memo 21 origin and development 35 reaction to relocation to Houston 43 staffing 23, 24 Space Technology Laboratories 71, 101, 143, 152, 174 Space Transportation System (STS) 159, 193, 196, 205, 209-231, 254, 287, 307, 325, 345

Spacelab 280, 285, 289, 290, 295, 296, 297 Spacelab Program Office 280 Special Committee on Space and Aeronautics 12 Special Presidents Task Group 196 Sputnik 1-11, 15, 18, 29, 36, 59, 74, 75, 82, 98, 105, 106, 155, 163, 189, 233, 250, 321, 347 Sputnik I 1, 35, 350 effect on American educational system 6 effect on American space program 1, 2, 3, 36, 75, 82, 155 military significance 2, 3 political repercussions 3 reaction of scientific community 59-60 world reaction 1 Sputnik II 17 Stafford, Thomas P. 88, 93, 174, 220, 221, 281, 295, 332 Stall, Harold S. 331, 332 Star Wars 317 Starfire Rocket 266 Stennis Space Center 350 Sterling, William 93 Stevens Institute of Technology 311 Stewart, Bob 291 Stoller, Homer 32 Stone, Ralph W. 144 Storms, Harrison A. (Stormy) 138, 142 Strass, H. Kurt 64 Strategic Defense Initiative 317 Strategic Task Group 10 Subcommittee on International Cooperation 18 Subcommittee on Scientific Research and Development 18 Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications 280 Subcommittee on Space Problems and Life Sciences 18 Sullivan, Kathryn D. 293 Surveyor 3 179, 194 Surveyor 1 171 Survival gear 77, 80 Swigert, John L., Jr. 182 Systems and subsystems management 77 Systems Management American Corp. 342

T

Tapley, Dr. Byron 318 Taylor, General Maxwell 4 Teacher in Space Project 293 Teague, Congressman Olin E. (Tiger) 18, 38, photo 41, 42, 43, 51, 77, 102, 108, 109, 113, 127, 146, 150, 187, 190-193, 196, 197, 200, 221, 259, 315

404


Index

Technological advancements 13, 152, 156 Technology and Commercial Projects Office 268 Television role in publicizing space program ix Teller, Dr. Edward 4, 5 Texas A & M University 259, 234, 262, 311, 314319 Texas Engineering Experiment Station 314 Texas Instruments 247, 260 Texas Space Grant Consortium 315, 318 Thagard, Dr. Norman 288 The Right Stuff 120 The Space Station 295 Thibodaux, Joseph G. 11 Thiokol 152 Thomas, Sen. Albert 37, 41, 42, 51 Thompson, Bill vii Thompson, Clarke W. 51 Thompson, Floyd L. 20, 24, 27, 113, 195 Thompson, Robert F. 165, 229, 234, 235 Thor launch vehicle 72 Thor rocket 22, 73 Thorson, Richard A. 335 Tiger Team 114 Tindall, Howard 165, 169 Titan II rocket 72, 74, 77, 79, 88, 107 Toftoy, Colonel H. N. 8 Total Quality Management 336 Tower, Sen. John 50 Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) 287, 290 Training 118, 122-133, 151, 163, 164, 172, 175, 180, 198, 211, 214, 220, 248-251, 264-266, 276, 278, 285-287, 292, 293, 301, 312, 315, 338, 342 Training hardware 126 Truly, Lt. Commander Richard H. 128, 129, 280, 289, 319, 333, 334, 338, 343 Truszynski, Gerald 169 TRW 152, 174 Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E. 6, 7, 350 Turner, Luther 42 Turrentine, Gordon 46

V

V-2 missile 7, 8, 9, 105 Van Allen radiation belts 12, 180 Van Allen, James 330 Van Hoften, James D. 292, 297 Van Horn, Richard 317 Vanguard launch vehicle 72 Vanguard rocket program 2, 3, 12, 72 Vanguard satellite program 26, 32 Vavra, Paul 84 Vienna, Austria 17, 22 Vietnam War, effect on space program 108, 113, 135, 137, 156, 178, 187, 188, 192, 193, 197, 205, 206, 226, 261 Viking program 9, 321 Vincent, John 42 Voas, Robert 119, 120, 125, 126 Vostok spacecraft 32, 38 Voyager 337

W

U

Ulmer, Ralph E. 41 Ulysses Probe 334, 343 UniSys 342 United Aircraft 152, 174, 211 University of Houston 39, 46, 264, 268, 314-319 University of Tennessee 288 University of Texas 266, 279, 308, 314-318, 332 Unmanned Moon landing 13 Utah State University 282

Wainerdi, Richard 317 Walker, Arthur B.C., Jr. 300 Walker, Charles D. 293 Wallops Island Station 22, 23, 32, 36, 53, 97, 326 Walt Disney Imagineering 332 Warrior Constructors, Inc. 154 Washington, D. C. 8, 14, 17, 19, 21, 22, 26, 27, 41, 43-46, 48, 57, 64, 70, 78, 120, 122, 140, 142, 195, 197, 209, 220, 225, 308, 309, 318, 319, 335 Water landing 17, 23, 68, 71, 79, 88, 102-104, 113, 146 Water-landing parachute system 17, 74 Water Transport System 38-40 Waterman, Alan 3 Webb, James (Jim) vii, 24, 29-32, 36, 37, 39-41, 43, 51, 70, 74, 78, 101, 104, 113, 123, 124, 145, 146, 169, 190, 191, 195 reorganizes NASA management 71 and NASA management system 99 retires 160, 197 Webster, Texas 260 Weightless Environment Training Facility (WETF) 131, 249 Weinberger, Caspar 238 Weitz, Paul J. 215, 331 Welch, Louie 260, 261 Welsh, Edward C. 29, 156, 192 West Estate 37, 47 West, Colonel Paul 46, 48 Western Electric 19, 84 Western Union 291

405


Suddenly, Tomorrow Came . . .

Wheelon, Dr. Albert D. 300 Whirlpool Corporation 211 Whitbeck, Phil 62, 216 White Sands Missile Range 266, 282 White, Dr. Stanley C. 46, 62, 63, 119, 120 White, Edward H. 44, 111, 112, 140 first spacewalk 93, photo 94 Whynot, Charles 265 Wiesner, Jerome B. 29, 30, 124, 145 Williams, Don 337 Williams, Larry 335 Williams, Walter C. 10, 41, 46-48, 51, 60-65, 71, 78, 84-87, Wilson, Charles E. 2, 3 Winn, Grace 43-45, 68 Wolfe, Tom 120 Women astronaut candidates 120, 288 Worden, Alfred 201, 202 Wright brothers 18

Wright, House Speaker Jim 319 Wyatt, DeMarquis D. 104

Y

Yankee Clipper 179 Yarborough, Sen. Ralph 50 Yardley, John F. 140, 141, 317 Yeager, Brigadier General Charles E. (Chuck) 10, 61 Young, Major John 88, 92, photo 94, 128, 174, 179, 201-203, 265, 279, 324, 300-302 Young, R. Wayne 212, 229, 324, 335

Z

Zbanek, Leo T. 62, 66 Zedekar, Raymond 126 Zimmerman, Charles H. 17, 20, 21 Zoerner, Gary 264

406


The JSC History Series


Suddenly, Tomorrow Came . . .

Reference Works, NASA SP-4000: Grimwood, James M. Project Mercury: A Chronology (NASA SP-4001, 1963). Grimwood, James M., and Hacker, Barton C., with Vorzimmer, Peter J. Project Gemini Technology and Operations: A Chronology (NASA SP-4002, 1969). Link, Mae Mills. Space Medicine in Project Mercury (NASA SP-4003, 1965). Astronautics and Aeronautics: A Chronology of Science, Technology and Policy (NASA SP-4004 to SP-4025, a series of annual volumes continuing from 1961 to 1985, with an earlier summary volume, Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1915-1960). Ertel, Ivan D., and Morse, Mary Louise. The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology, Volume I, Through November 7, 1962 (NASA SP-4009, 1969). Morse, Mary Louise, and Bays, Jean Kernahan. The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology, Volume II, November 8, 1962-September 30, 1964 (NASA SP-4009, 1973). Brooks, Courtney G., and Ertel, Ivan D. The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology, Volume III, October 1, 1964January 20, 1966 (NASA SP-4009, 1973). Van Nimmen, Jane, and Bruno, Leonard C., with Rosholt, Robert L. NASA Historical Data Book, Vol. I: NASA Resources, 1958-1968 (NASA SP-4012, 1976, rep. ed. 1988). Newkirk, Roland W., and Ertel, Ivan D., with Brooks, Courtney G. Skylab: A Chronology (NASA SP-4011, 1977). Ertel, Ivan D., and Newkirk, Roland W., with Brooks, Courtney G. The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology, Volume IV, January 21, 1966-July 13, 1974 (NASA SP-4009, 1978). Ezell, Linda Neuman. NASA Historical Data Book, Vol. II: Programs and Projects, 1958-1968. (NASA SP4012, 1988). Ezell, Linda Neuman. NASA Historical Data Book, Vol. III: Programs and Projects, 1969-1978 (NASA SP4012, 1988). Management Histories, NASA SP-4100: Rosholt, Robert L. An Administrative History of NASA, 1958-1963 (NASA SP-4101, 1966). Levine, Arnold S. Managing NASA in the Apollo Era (NASA SP-4102, 1982). Roland, Alex. Model Research: The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 1915-1958 (NASA SP4103, 1985). Fries, Sylvia D. NASA Engineers and the Age of Apollo (NASA SP-4104, 1992). Project Histories, NASA SP-4200: Human Space Flight Programs: Swenson, Loyd S., Jr., Grimwood, James M., and Alexander, Charles C. This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury (NASA SP-4201, 1966). Hacker, Barton C., and Grimwood, James M. On Shoulders of Titans: A History of Project Gemini (NASA SP4203, 1977). Benson, Charles D. and Faherty, William Barnaby. Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations (NASA SP-4204, 1978). Ezell, Edward Clinton, and Ezell, Linda Neuman. The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (NASA SP-4209, 1978). Brooks, Courtney G., Grimwood, James M., and Swenson, Loyd S., Jr. Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft (NASA SP-4205, 1979). Bilstein, Roger E. Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles (NASA SP4206, 1980).

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The JSC History Series

Compton, W. David, and Benson, Charles D. Living and Working in Space: A History of Skylab (NASA SP4208, 1983). Compton, W. David. Where No Man Has Gone Before: A History of Apollo Lunar Exploration Missions (NASA SP-4214, 1989). Satellite Space Flight Programs: Green, Constance McL., and Lomask, Milton. Vanguard: A History (NASA SP-4202, 1970; rep. ed. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1971). Hall, R. Cargill. Lunar Impact: A History of Project Range (NASA SP-4210, 1977). Ezell, Edward Clinton, and Ezell, Linda Neuman. On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet, 1958-1978 (NASA SP-4212, 1984). Scientific Programs: Newell, Homer E. Beyond the Atmosphere: Early Years of Space Science (NASA SP-4211, 1980). Pitts, John A. The Human Factor: Biomedicine in the Manned Space Program to 1980 (NASA SP-4213, 1985). Naugle, John E. First Among Equals: The Selection of NASA Space Science Experiments (NASA SP-4215, 1991). Center Histories, NASA SP-4300: Hartman, Edwin P. Adventures in Research: A History of Ames Research Center, 1940-1965 (NASA SP-4302, 1970). Hallion, Richard P. On the Frontier: Flight Research at Dryden, 1946-1981 (NASA SP-4303, 1984). Muenger, Elizabeth A. Searching the Horizon: A History of Ames Research Center, 1940-1976 (NASA SP4304, 1985). Rosenthal, Alfred. Venture into Space: Early Years of Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA SP-4301, 1985). Hansen, James R. Engineer in Charge: A History of the Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, 1917-1958 (NASA SP-4305, 1987). Dawson, Virginia P. Engines and Innovation: Lewis Laboratory and American Propulsion Technology (NASA SP-4306, 1991). General Histories, NASA SP-4400: Corliss, William R. NASA Sounding Rockets, 1958-1968: A Historical Summary (NASA SP-4401, 1971). Wells, Helen T., Whiteley, Susan H., and Karegeannes, Carrie. Origins of NASA Names (NASA SP-4402, 1976). Anderson, Frank W., Jr. Orders of Magnitude: A History of NACA and NASA, 1915-1980 (NASA SP-4403, 1981). Sloop, John L. Liquid Hydrogen as a Propulsion Fuel, 1945-1959 (NASA SP-4404, 1978). Roland, Alex. A Spacefaring People: Perspectives on Early Spaceflight (NASA SP-4405, 1985). Bilstein, Roger E. Orders of Magnitude: A History of NACA and NASA, 1915-1990 (NASA SP-4406, 1989). New Series in NASA History, Published by The Johns Hopkins University Press: Cooper, Henry S.F., Jr. Before Lift-Off: The Making of a Space Shuttle Crew (1987). McCurdy, Howard E. The Space Station Decision: Incremental Politics and Technological Choice (1990). Hufbauer, Karl. Exploring the Sun: Solar Science Since Galileo (1991). McCurdy, Howard E. Inside NASA: High Technology and Organizational Change in the U.S. Space Program (1993).

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