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Stochastic Models of Hot Planetary and
Satellite Coronas
The uppermost layers of a planetary
(satellite) atmosphere where the density of neutral particles is infinitely low
are commonly called the exosphere or the planetary (satellite) corona. Since
the atmosphere is not completely bound to the planet (or satellite) by the
planetary gravitational field, such light atoms as hydrogen and helium in the
uppermost atmospheric layers can have velocities that exceed the escape
velocity from this planet and can escape into interplanetary space. This
process is commonly called thermal escape; the thermal escape flux depends on
the temperature of the ambient atmospheric gas, while the flux itself is formed
at heights where the flow of atmospheric gas is virtually collisionless
(Chamberlain and Hunten, 1987). These heights
correspond to the transition region between the underlying collision-dominated
atmospheric layers and the free-molecule exospheric gas. The concept of exobase, the lower boundary of the exosphere, is introduced
as a height at which the atmospheric particle mean free path is equal to the
density scale height (Chamberlain and Hunten, 1987).
For example, in the Earth's upper atmosphere, the exobase
is at a height of about
The current theories of planetary coronas
are based mainly on ground-based and space observations of such exospheric
emission features as the
In recent years, interest in
investigating the role of suprathermal (energetically active) particles in the
physics and chemistry of the upper planetary and satellite atmospheres has
increased (Johnson, 1990; Wayne, 1991; Shizgal and Arkos, 1996; Marov et al., 1997). In particular, the
energetically active particles produced in the upper atmospheric layers have
been shown to play an important role in the chemistry and energetics
of the upper atmosphere or, more specifically,
The following numerical approaches
are mainly used to simulate the nonthermal losses of
planetary atmospheres in practice (see, e.g., Shizgal
and Arkos, 1996; Hunten,
2002):
In general, the stochastic
simulation method consists in constructing a physical-probabilistic analogue of
discrete media with collisional physical-chemical processes and is used to
simulate chemically reacting multi-component gases (dsmc.html).
This approach has been further developed to investigate the formation,
kinetics, and transport of suprathermal particles for the linear and
nonlinear formation of hot planetary and satellite coronas (Shematovich
et al., 1994; Shematovich 2004).
The numerical stochastic models to
study both the local formation and kinetics of suprathermal particles and their
transport in the transition region between the collision-dominated and free
molecular layers of planetary and satellite atmospheres were developed for
different planets and satellites in our Solar System. Moreover, these numerical
models are suitable for investigating the flows of atmospheric gas being weakly
and strongly perturbed by suprathermal particles, i.e., for studying the
formation of hot planetary and satellite coronas in a proper way.
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Chamberlain, J.W. and Hunten, D. Theory of Planetary Atmospheres. An Introduction
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I. Hot hydrogen coronae:
EARTH:
- hydrogen emissions in the proton and electron
auroras in the Earth's upper atmosphere:
Ly-alpha emission in the proton aurora (abstract).
J. Geophys. Res., 2000, 105, No. A7, 15795-15806.
The role of proton precipitation in the excitation of auroral FUV emissions (abstract