Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://www.inasan.rssi.ru/~kurbatov/Kurbatov--2010phdt.nmceg.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Thu Sep 6 08:37:02 2012 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Wed Jan 30 01:22:11 2013 Êîäèðîâêà: Ïîèñêîâûå ñëîâà: m 17

01.03.02 --

-

.-. . .

-- 2010


2



1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 15 15 17 21

27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 31 33 36 40 42 51

3 OB- 3.1 3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 52 55


3

3.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.1 3.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

61 61 63 67 71 73

3.4 3.5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .




4



, , . [1, 2], , . . CDM, (CDM -- Cold Dark Matter, ) , , 1 : 6, , , , 70% -. . -- 106 M -- , [3]. -- , , -


5

, [4]. , , 1011 M , , , -- [5]. , , , , . (.. bottom-up clustering ), , , (.. down-sizing ), , [6, 7, 8]. CDM -- [9, 10, 5], [5]. , , [11]. , CDM [12, 13]. , . ´ -- (Warm Dark Matter), [13, .]. ,


6

, [14]. , , . , . , [15]. , , , , [14]. . [16], () [17, 18, 19]. , , . [20, 16], [17, 18, 19], [21, 22]. , .


7

, . [23]. , -- , , , . , , (. [16]). , , 10 , , . . [24]. , [25], , . , . , , ().


8

, , [26]. [27]: , , , , , . , , , [28]. , , , , [29, 27, 30, .]. : -- ; -- ; -- ;


9

-- . : -- . 16 . , , , . -- , . , , , . -- , . , . . --


10

, , F- G- . -- OB- : , . -- -13. , , . 3 31 , 1 . : 1. . . , . . , . . - , . ., 2005, 82, 7,


11

. 573­583. 2. . . , . ., 2007, 84, 12, . 1059­1069. 3. . . OB- , . ., 2010, 87, 7, . 646­654. , : 9. , , : 1. Astronomische Gesellschaft 2005 Germany, September 28­30 2005. 2. , , , 2007 . 3. Young Stientists Conference on Astronomy and Space Physics, Kyiv, Ukraine, April 23­28 2007. 4. , , , 3­4 2007 . 5. , 2007 . 6. , , , 2007 . ¨ Interacting Galaxies , Koln,


12

7. , 2007 . 8. -

, , , 21­23 2009 . 9. Conference Nearby Dwarf Galaxies , SAO, N. Arkhyz, September 14­ 18, 2009. 10. ,

, --, 28­30 2009 . : -- , ; -- , OB-; -- , . . [30]; -- .


13

, . 89 , 9 1 . 114 . . . ( , , , , , ). . , . . , . . . , F- G-, . ,


14

OB-, . . , 1. , , , . 2. . 3. , F- G- , -. 4. OB-. 5. -13.


15

1.

1.1. . : N , , .. , . 90- , , , [29, 31, 30, 32, 33]. . . -- , , . , : , , -


16

. , , , , , , 2 , ( ) [33]. . . , , . , . 1.4 , , 16 . , [30], , , , 3 . , z -


17

3 . 1.2. , , [29] [30]. , , , : dM = - + dt
m m
max

m in

dm (t - s ) (m - mr ) +

dM in dM o - dt dt

ut

,

(1.1)

mmin = 0.1M , mmax = 100M ; -- ()
mmax mm i n

dm m = 1; -- ();

s(m) -- m; mr (m) -- ( ); dM in /dt - dM
out

/dt -- -

. 2.35. [34]


18

m , m < 0.4M M min max (m/M ) 1.4M , mSNII m , mBH m

1/3

- 0.4, 0.4 , 1.4 , m < mSNI
I

mr (m) =

0.4M
H

(1.2)

m < mB

mSNII = 8M -- II; mB

H

=

40M -- , . 9.9 - 3 lg(m/M ) , m < 10M lg s(m) = 9.9 - 3.8 lg(m/M ) + lg2(m/M ) , 10M

(1.3) m

[35], 10M , 1. : dK dW + = dt dt
SN

ESN RSN -

K , d

(1.4)

K W -- ,
SN

-- ESN ,
SN

( , RSN
1

E

SN

= 0 . 0 5 â 1 0 5 1 )
m
max

10-3 (t - = M

SNIa

)+
m
S NI I

dm (m) (t - (m))

(1.5)

. . ,


19

,

SNI

= 109 -- -

Ia. [36]). [30] 3 â 108 , , , . d [29, 37]: d = 2 . 3 G (1.6)

[29], GMG M H 2 W= . R 2 Hs MG -- , Hs -- . [29] , - 3 K = |W | . 2 (1.8) (1.7)

dH = dt
SN

ESN RSN R2 Hs 3H - . 5GMG M H 1 0 d

(1.9)

, -- .


20

: d(XiM ) dMiin d(XiM = - dt dt dt
m
max

out

)

10-3 - Xi + ( t - M

SNIa

)Y

SNIa i

+
m
m in

dm (t - s ) (m - mr ) Xi (t - s )+ +Y
SNII i

(m, Z (t - s )) . (1.10)

i Xi . , Ia:
SNIa

-- SNIa i

Ia; Y

-- -

i, . II: Y
SNII i

(m, Z ) -- i, -

m Z . (SNII, SNIb,c) 107 . Ia -- 107- 1010 , 2 â 108 - 2 â 109 [36]. , Ia . [38], Ia
SNIa

109 . Ia, ,

-- 0.003 , 3M [38]. , Ia


21

Y

SNIa Fe

= 0.6 M [39],

. , II , [40], [41]. , , , . , [27, 30, 32, 42] ., . 1.3. ( ) ( ). (dM in /dt = dM
out

/ dt = 0 )

R = 20 M = 2 â 1011M , . [O/Fe]-[Fe/H] [30, 32] [Fe/H] > -3. [Fe/H] = -7. . 1.1. [Fe/H] < -1


22

, - . 5 â 108 ( [Fe/H] -0.5) SNIa, [43]. [O/Fe] [Fe/H] . [Fe/H] > -3. [Fe/H] < -3. [52]. (. 1.1). , : G 77-61 [51], CS 29498-043 [50], CS 22949-037 [49], CS 22957-027 [53] ([O/Fe] 2, [Fe/H] = -3.11) CS 31062-012 [53] ([O/Fe] 2, [Fe/H] = -2.55). HE 01075240 [48]. O , , , , 107 . . 1.1, [O/Fe] . SNIa , -- . [O/Fe]


23

2.8 2.4 2 1.6 HE 0107-5240 G 77-61 CS 29498-043 CS 22949-037

a

=

a

1.2 0.8 0.4 0 -0.4 -7

10 8 a = 10 9

10

7

=

[O/Fe]

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

[Fe/H] . 1.1. [O/Fe] - [Fe/H] a. (a = 0). -- [44], -- [45], -- [46], -- [47]. : HE 0107-5240 [48], CS 22949-037 [49], CS 29498-043 [50], G 77-61 [51].


24

SNII. MO 15- 120M , [40, 54], Mini MO = 0.01 M M
1 .7

,

Mini -- . 13 - 25M [54] MFe Mini = 21 M M

- 1 .8 7

.

, XFe /XO 4, MO 5 â 10 MFe
-4

Mini M

3 .5 7

.

(1.11)

13 < Mini /M

< 120,

[40, 54]. , , (1.11), , , . , : , , .. , , [54]. , SN 1997D 25M 2 â 10-3M ( ) [55], [54] 0.05M . , SN 2002ap 25M 0.07M [56], .


25

(1.11), [O/Fe] 2 HE 0107-5240 (. 1.1) , 50M 3 â 106 . , , HE 01075240 , . [Fe/H] -3 .

, 1M 100M . . r = 2GM v -2, G -- , M -- , v -- , M 10 M
-5

nH 3, v30

(1.12)
30

nH -- v

-- 30 /. (1.12), , , ( , ..) , HE 0107-5240 (. 1.1). , , . -


26

. , [O/Fe] . III (.. ). , , - HII [57]. . , . M v
2 G2 M = 4 v ex R 2 ex - r 2GMvex2.

vff v ex

4

N

-2

,

(1.13)

R -- , vff -- N -- , . v
ff

= vex , N = 103 MFe 0.01M

(MO 50M [54]), 10-8M . 10-3M . [Fe/H] -5, , HE 0107-5240 (. 1.1). , , , 50M , , [O/Fe] 2. , (1.13) -


27

III. , , III. , [O/Fe] - [Fe/H], , . 1.1 . [58], . IZw 18 [59] [Fe/H] = -1.76±0.12 [O/Fe] = -0.3±0.3 , . , , SNII [O/Fe] - [Fe/H]. , , , , [O/Fe] [Fe/H] (. 1.1). , . 1.4. z . , -


28

, z , , -0.65
-1

( [60]),

, , -0.34
-1

[61]. , -

[62, 63]. , z < 4 -0.55 - -0.33 -0.18 - 0.0
-1 -1



[64].

[Fe/H] . . 1.2 [64]. : d[Fe/H]/dz = -3 d[Fe/H]/dz = -0.2
-1 -1

z < 0.7 ,
-1

0.7 < z < 5 d[Fe/H]/dz = -0.1



5 < z < 16 . , . (. 1.2) , «» [Fe/H] z . , z .


29

1

0

-1

[Fe/H]

-2

-3

-4

-5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

z , . 1.2. ( ) : -- 0.16, -- 0.5. [64].


30

1.5. , , . , : [O/Fe] 2 [Fe/H] -5. . , (G 77-61, HE 0107-5240, . 1.1) , , . 16 . , .


31

2.

2.1. . , . , [29] , , . , , 10 , , . , . , () (. [24]). [25] n . (2.1)


32

, -, [65], [17, 66] 3 ff
/2

.

(2.2)

- -- , [24]: e-
t/sf

.

(2.3)

-, , [35]: 2 . (2.4)

, , , , , . [67], [21, 22] [20]. , . , , . ,


33

, , . 2.2 , . 2.3. 2.4. 2.5 . 2.2. , () , -- 10 - 100 , . [25, 65] = c , ff (2.5)

-- , ff -- , c -- .. [66]. , , c = 0.1 [68] c = 1 [66]. , [69],


34

, . , (mmin , mmax) , .. P{dm} d(m1- ), , mJ , (mJ, mmax ): 1 - (mJ /mmax) c = 1 - (mmin /mmax )
-1 -1

mmin mJ

-1

.

(2.6)

mmin mmax , .. 0.1M - 100M , mmin /mmax 0, c m1- . J mJ - ff -
1/2 1/2

(2.7) T
3/2

[70] -

[66] (2.5) = g
1 2

+1

T

3 2

(1- )

,

(2.8)

g -- , ; T -- . , . , , 4 â 104 kB (kB -- ) , . -- [71]. (2.10) , , ,


35

10 - 100 , . , , , [72], , , . T , 2 0 2 0 =

kB T , µ

(2.9)

µ -- . , = 2.35, = g 2
.1 7 5

T

- 2 .0 2 5

. 2 =g 2 . T (2.10)

, , [35] [30]: = f 2 , f = 2 â 107 3 // . (2.11)

g (2.10) (2.11) , : (4 â 104 )
-2

g=f ,

(2.12)


36

g = 3.2 â 10
16

3K2 // .

(2.13)

, ( ), . 2.3. , , . : , () . [73, 74, 75] . (. [76]). , . - , [76]. . (, ), [77, 78, 79].


37

. , , -- [79, 80]. . , , . , (l
min

,l

max

)

[79] P { dM } = dM 1 - , 1 1 Mm-x - Mm- a in l l
max -r

1.5

(2.14)

[79] l = 0 , r 1.1 . (2.15)

, , l, , [72, 81] [71]: =
2 l 2 0

l l
max

p

,

p1.

(2.16)

0 0 l
max

.

, ,


38

. , , , [82]. , l 2 vl2 = 0 - l2 ,

, , (l, l + dl),
2 vl2 + l2 0 0 P{dl} = 0 P{dl} , 2 2

(2.17)

P{dl} -- . ,
coll,l

, , -

ql =
coll,l

2h,l /µ2 s , 2 l 0 /2

(2.18)

-- , µ -- , s
h,l

= l l --

( ), l .
coll,l

= l/Dl

Dl , Dl = l vl . Q= d = [29, 37]. P{dl} . (2.14) 2 0 0 2 d l l
max

m in

1 - e-

ql

P { dl } ,

(2.19)

3/(2 G0) --


39

P{dM |l} :
l
max

P { dM } =

l

m in

P{dM |l} P{dl} ,

(2.20)

P{dM |l} = (M - l l3 ) dM , (2.14) (2.15), dl 1 - , P { dl } = 1 - 1- lmax - lmin = ( - 1)(3 - r) + 1 1.95, Mmax = 0 l 0
d 2 0 3 max

(2.21)

(2.22)
min

, Mmin = Mmax (l
d

/l

max

)

3-r

.

.. Q = 2 , :
l l
max

, (2.19)

d -

d

1- = 1- 1- lmax - lmin

dl l
m in

1 - exp -

2 lmax 0 l2 3 µ2 0 l

(l/lmax)1-r 1 - (l/lmax)

p

.

(2.23)

l , -- [83]. . Dl - , 2l2/l 1. , P{dl} l = l , l
min min

, -

/l

max

1
min

P{dl} = (l - l
d

) dl. . (2.24)

lmax 0 = 1 - exp - 3 µ2 0


40

, , .. . , . (2.24) : l
max

. > 104 -22

10

3/ [84].

5 . , , , , [85]. ­ (. 2.5). 2.4. -, 1.2, [29, 30]. , , , . , [27, 30, 32, 42] ., . ,


41

, (1.8) [86]. , . -- U , [87]. , , : dH =V , dt 1 dV = dt M W U - H H - V , H2 (2.25) (2.26)

, , , -- , [88]. dU V = -U - dt H
d

U MV 2 + + d 2H 2

SN

ESN RSN .

(2.27)

( )
d

,

. , , (2.26) (2.27), , [89]. ,


42

: 2GM W = H R2 M + Ms H H + Mdm Hs Hdm 1- H R2 + H , (2.28)

2

Ms , Hs -- , Mdm , H
dm

-- .

, : (100 /)2ff 1029 Â 10
30

2/ .

(2.29)

= 1030 2/. (2.10) . (. (2.9)) U= 3M kB T . 2µ (2.30)

2.5. : , . . [90]: , , , , ,


43

. . . , , , . [91]. . [90], [92], [93] , , [Fe/O] [90] [Mg/Fe] - [Fe/H] [92] [Eu/Ba] - [Fe/H] [93]. 8 - 9 10 - 12 . [92, 93]. ( ) , (2.25) (2.26) -- . . 2.1 : -- 20 , -- 20 , -- 2 â 1011M , , -- 4 â 104 , , , 3 . (z = 1.8 [88]), -


44

. [30]. . , 1 . , . . , [O/H] - t, [Fe/H] - t [O/Fe] - [Fe/H]. , , [Fe/H] -0.5 [92], -2.5. -

[Fe/H]

. , .. (. 2.1), -- , . . [94] , , . . 1011M - (.. )

z 1 [5], .. 9 . . -


45

3 2.5

4.4 4.2 4 0 -0.2 -0.4

lg (M /)

2

lg(M /MG )
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

3.8

lg H ()

1.5 1 0.5 0

3.6 3.4 3.2 3 2.8

-0.6 -0.8 -1 -1.2 -1.4 -1.6 -1.8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

-0.5 -1 0 6.2 6 5.8 5.6 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

2.6 2.4

t, .
10 0 -10

t, .
1 0.8 -20

t, .

V , /

lg T (K)

5.4 5.2 5 4.8 4.6 4.4 0 0.5 0 -0.5 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

-30 -40 -50 -60
d

0.6 0.4 0.2

-70 -80 -90 0 0.5 0 -0.5 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.5 0 -0.5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0

t, .

t, .

t, .

[Fe/H]

[O/H]

-1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

-1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

[O/H]

-1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

t, .

t, .

[Fe/O]

. 2.1. ( ): t -- , -- , H -- , M /MG -- , T -- , (2.30), V -- ,
d

-- .

[30].


46

z 2 Â 3 [5], , . , , . - , , [95]. , [93], 1.5 â 109 [96], . , , c 2 â 1010 M . . 2.2 - c 2 â 1010M , 6.32 6.32 2 . (z = 2.66) -- . ­ M /R2 const, M R . , , 1.5 . [O/H] -0.25 [Fe/H] -0.5 . , z = 1.5 ( 3.5 . ). -


47

( ): -- 2.2 â 1011M , -- 20 , -- 3.5 . . [O/H] -2.2, -- [Fe/H] -2.6 (. 2.1), -- [O/H] -0.25 [Fe/H] -0.5 (. 2.2). 0.25M /3, -- 0.45M /3. , , , , , -. , . . 2.3 , , . 1.5 . , , , Ia. [O/H] - [Fe/O] . . 2.4 [O/H] - [Fe/O], , , , [90]. . . 2.3, 9 Â 10.5 . , .


48

1.2 1.1

0.1 0

-1.5 -2

lg (M /)

-2.5 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 2 0 -0.5 -1 2.5 3 3.5 0 -0.5 -1

lg(M /MG )

-0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4

-3

lg Z
2 2.5 3 3.5

-3.5 -4 -4.5 -5 -5.5

-0.5

-6 2 0.5 0 -0.5 2.5 3 3.5

t, .

t, .

t, .

[Fe/H]

[O/H]

[O/H]
2 2.5 3 3.5

-1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

-1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 2 2.5 3 3.5

-1.5 -2 -2.5 -3

t, .

t, .

[Fe/O]

. 2.2. - ( ): Z -- , . 2.1. [30].


49

2 0 1.5 -0.2 -0.4

-1.2 -1.3 -1.4 -1.5

lg (M /)

1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 2 0.3 0.2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

lg(M /MG )

-0.6

lg Z
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

-0.8 -1 -1.2 -1.4 -1.6 -1.8

-1.6 -1.7 -1.8 -1.9 2 0.5 0 -0.5 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

t, .
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1

t, .

t, .

[Fe/H]

[O/H]

[O/H]
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3

-1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

0 -0.1 -0.2

-0.4 -0.3 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 -0.5

t, .

t, .

[Fe/O]

. 2.3. , . 2.2, ( ).


50

. 2.4. . [O/H] - [Fe/O] . 2.2 2.3. . (), () () [90]. [30].


51

2.6. , . . 2 . , , . . . 8 - 9 10 - 12 . .


52

3. OB-

3.1. , . ( . [27]): , , , (), , . : , . . , , , (. . [27], . [97] ). , . ()


53

, ( . [97]). , , ( . [98]). [99] , 1.4 â 109 M 0.6, , , . . [58], , 10
12

M , , , . .

[27], , , f
es c

= 2.4 - 0.2 lg

MG . M

(3.1)

107 M , . , , , ( [100], . [101], . [102]). , 109 M ( . [103]). , , . ,


54

, . [104], , , ; , , . , , . , , . , , . , , , ( [105]),
relax



0.1N ln N

dyn

,

(3.2)

N -- ,

dyn

-- . -

107 - 108 . 106 M . , [105], . , , ( . [106]). OB-


55

, . , , ( [107]) ( [108]), 10 /. 2 8 / ( . [109]). / ( . [101]), 20 / ( [110], . [111]). , . , . 3.2 . 3.3 . 3.4. 3.2. , , : ( v + u) 2
2

- ,

(3.3)


56

v -- OB-; u -- ; -- , . ( 108 ) ( 107 ) - -- 0.1 M /3 [109]. , . , ,
2 OB

, , , -

OB-, , (v, -) =
(v+u)2 2

d3 u 2 (2 OB )
-

3/2

u2 exp - 2 2O

.
B

(3.4)

- . , v , , (. ) 1 - + - - - - - /2 ( , ) = 1 + - erf d e erf 40 2 2 = v = OB r , 2 OB r =- 2 2. OB (3.6)

, (3.5)

. , -


57

, .. - . (3.5)
OB

. (3.5) , -

-- , -- = 0. . . , : =
V

dV . dV V

(3.7)

. -- M a: = 3M (1 + r2/a2 ) 3 4 a
-5/2

,

=-

GM (1 + r2/a2 ) a

-1/2

.

(3.8)

- [29] 2 . (3.9)

r/a -- , -


58

: 2 2 = (1 + r2 /a2)
1/2

,

=

GM . 2 OB a

(3.10)

, 0. (3.7) , (. 3.1, , ). : = M- e 2 a2
r /a

.

(3.11)

, : GM 1 - e- =- a r /a
r /a

.

(3.12)

, , , : = 1 - (1 + r/a) e- r /a
r /a

,

1 - e- = 2 r /a
2

r /a

.

(3.13)

, ­ [65]:
3/2

.

(3.14)

( ) . 3.1 (). , , , 4 - 5, -- 2 - 2.5.


59
10 9 8 7 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 lg M25 [Msol] 8.5 9 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 lg M25 [Msol] 0.2 0.4 0.6

1 0.8

1 0.8

. 3.1. . : -- , ; -- . . ( 109 M ). [101]. M25 -- 25- . ( Vm )
OB

.

OB

: 2 /

() 8 / (). (M25) . , (. ). . M25.
OB OB

= 2 /

= 8 /. -- , -

(. ).


60

[101] , 109 M . ( Vm ) -
OB

. ,

OB

2 / 8 /,

. M2 = 0.025 M
5 0 .3 6

OB /

-1

.

(3.15)

25- -- M25. M25 . , dm /b 5 ( . [112]), (3.15) , 0.048. (3.15) . 3.1 ()
OB

, .

. , . ­ [29], , [27, 30].


61

3.3. 3.3.1. 107 . 13 M ( [35]). , , . , , , , 8 M ( . [113]) , , . , , , 108 - 109 ( [36]), , . , (m) ,
13M mm i n

dm ; -2.35,

0.1 M - 100 M , 0.88. , , (t), Msej (t) = (t - s (13M ))
13M

dm ,
m
m in

(3.16)

s = s (m) -- m. .


62

f Mgb (t) =
m m
max

m in

d m ( t - s ) 1 -

mr [1 - (13M - m)] , m

(3.17)

mr = mr (m) -- ; (x) = 0 x

0 (x) = 1

x > 0. X m :
-3 fb (t) = 10 (t - MX M m
max

SNIa

S ) PXNIa [1 - ]+

+
m
m in

d m ( t - s )

1-

mr S X (t - s ) + PXNII (m, Z (t - s )) â m â [1 - (13M - m)] , (3.18)



SNIa

-- -

S Ia; PXNIa -- X, S ; PXNII (m, Z ) -- X,

II m Z . , Ia . [38], Ia
SNIa

109 . Ia,

, -- 0.003 , 3 M ( [38]). ,
S Ia PFeNIa = 0.6 M (

. [39]), -


63

. , II , [40]. , , -- , . (. . [27]). , , ( - (3.1)). , Mtot = -Mse
j

f Mg = - + Mgb fb MX = -X + MX . [29, 27, 30]. 3.3.2.

(3.19)

(M25) (. 3.1), OB- . . 10
OB 6 .5

M 10

8 .5

M -

, , ,


64

. . lg M /M 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 R, 79.5 141.4 251.5 447 795
OB

= 2 / ( ) 0.21 0.09 0.012 0 0



OB

= 8 / ( ) 0 7 2 5 2 0.92 0.743 0.481 0.21 0.075

2.73 4.14 6.26 9.48 14.25

0 1 1 2 3

.7 .0 .6 .4 .7

O B = 8 / + ( ) 1.38 0.6 2.08 0.32 3.16 0.13 4.78 0.035 7.23 0

. M R2. , 10 . 3.3.2.
OB

2 /, -

8 /. (. (3.15)). , , -- . 3.2 . , . 1.5 - 2 ( , ) 6 ( , ) . , , , . 107 M ,


65

, 1.5 - 2 , .. . 106 M 4.5 â 106 M 1.5 â 106 M . -- , , , , -- . . 107 M , , - ( ). . , , ´ , -- 5 - 10% .
OB

(. 3.2, ).

, , , . , , , . , : , -


66
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9
ej Ms /M

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9
ej Ls /L

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 M/L

0.5

[Z]g

0.4

[O/H]g

0.5

[Fe/H]g

0.4

0.3

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.3

5

5.5

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9

5

5.5

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6

5

5.5

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9

-0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 [Z]s

-0.1 -0.2 -0.3

-0.7 -0.4 -0.8 -0.5 -0.6 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 [O/H]s -0.9 -1 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 [Fe/H]s

. 3.2. ( M ) . . -- ,
OB

= 2 / ( ). --
OB

OB

= 8 /

+ ( ). --

= 8 /, -

( ). : , -- , , . ( ) .


67

, . , .
OB

(. 3.2,

). . 106 M 0.5 ( ) 0.3 -- ( ). . 3.3 , . ( ). , , , Ia. , , . 3.4. . OB-, , -


68

M = 10 0.3 [Fe/H] 0.2

6.5

Msol

OB = 2 km/s 0.3

M = 10

6.5

Msol

OB = 8 km/s 0.3

M = 10

7.5

Msol

OB = 8 km/s 0.3

M = 10

8.5

Msol

OB = 8 km/s

[Fe/H] 0.2 0.2

[Fe/H] 0.2

[Fe/H]

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0 -2.5 0.3 [O/H] 0.2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5

0 -2.5 0.3 [O/H] 0.2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5

0 -2.5 0.3 [O/H] 0.2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5

0 -2.5 0.3 [O/H] 0.2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0 -2.5 0.3 [Z] 0.2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5

0 -2.5 0.3 [Z] 0.2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5

0 -2.5 0.3 [Z] 0.2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5

0 -2.5 0.3 [Z] 0.2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5

0 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5

0 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5

0 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5

. 3.3. () , (). : -- 10
6 .5

M , ; -- -

. : -- 10
6 .5

M , 10

7 .5

M 10

8 .5

M , ; -- -

, ; -- .


69

, . .
OB

= 2 /. -

10 /, : 1. OB- ( 107 ) ( 13 M ) . , , , . Ia. 2. , , 3 â 107 M , -- . - . , , 107 M
OB

= 8 /. -

. [2], T = 4 (. . [114]). [101] , -13 ( 0 7, .. ,


70

), 107 L 108 M . . . 3. 105 M

, (. 3.1, ). , , , . . . 4. -- . ( + ) 107 M 2 - 2.5 (. 3.2, , ). 5. (. 3.2, ) -- 0.05 , 0.1 - 0.15. 0.2 .


71

3.5. OB, (r). : (v, -) =
(v+u)2 2

d3 u (2 OB )
-

3/2

u2 exp - 2 2O

.
B

(3.20)

v v = e v , v= r , r (3.21)

e -- . u2 + u2 + 2 v u + v 2 + 2 0, (3.22)

u -- , e . u : u (-, (u-)] [ (u+), +) , u
±

= -v ±

-2 - u2 . (3.23)

u , u . = u2 2, OB = v
OB

,

=-

2 2, OB

(3.24)

1 ( , ) = 1 + 4
0

d e

- /2

- + - - - - - erf . erf 2 2 (3.25)


72

0, (3.20) ( ) = 2


d 2 e-

2 /2

= 1 - erf

+ 2

2

e-

/2

.

(3.26)


73



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