Europa

Jupiter II

        orbit:    670,900 km from Jupiter
        diameter: 3138 km
        mass:     4.80e22 kg

   Europa was a Phoenician princess abducted to Crete by Zeus, who had assumed the form of a white bull, and by him the mother of Minos.

   Discovered by Galileo and Marius in 1610.

   Europa and Io are somewhat similar in bulk composition to the terrestrial planets: primarily composed of silicate rock. Unlike Io, however, Europa has thin outer layer of ice. Recent data from Galileo indicate that Europa has a layered internal structure perhaps with a small metallic core.

   But Europa's surface is not at all like anything in the inner solar system. It is exceedingly smooth: few features more than a few hundred meters high have been seen. The prominent markings seem to be only albedo features or very low relief.

   There are very few craters on Europa; only three craters larger than 5 km in diameter have been found. This would seem to indicate a young and active surface. However, the Voyagers mapped only a fraction of the surface at high resolution. The precise age of Europa's surface is an open question.

   The images of Europa's surface strongly resemble images of sea ice on Earth. It is possible that beneath Europa's surface ice there is a layer of liquid water, perhaps as much as 50 km deep, kept liquid by tidally generated heat. If so, it would be the only place in the solar system besides Earth where liquid water exists in significant quantities.

   Europa's most striking aspect is a series of dark streaks crisscrossing the entire globe. The larger ones are roughly 20 km across with diffuse outer edges and a central band of lighter material. The latest theory of their origin is that they are produced by a series of volcanic eruptions or geysers.

   Recent observations with HST reveal that Europa has a very tenuous atmosphere (1e-11 bar) composed of oxygen. Of the 61 moons in the solar system only four others (Io, Ganymede, Titan and Triton) are known to have atmospheres. Unlike the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere, Europa's is almost certainly not of biologic origin. It is most likely generated by sunlight and charged particles hitting Europa's icy surface producing water vapor which is subsequently split into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen escapes leaving the oxygen.

   The Voyagers didn't get a very good look at Europa. But it is a principal focus of the Galileo mission. Images from Galileo's first two close encounters with Europa seem to comfirm earlier theories that Europa's surface is very young: very few craters are seen, some sort of activity is obviously occuring. There are regions that look very much like pack-ice on polar seas during spring thaws on Earth. The exact nature of Europa's surface and interior is not yet clear but the evidence is now strong for a subsurface 'ocean'.

   Galileo has found some evidence of a weak magnetic field (perhaps 1/4 of the strength of Ganymede's).

More about Europa

• more images
• from LANL
• Europa from Satellites of the Outer Planets
• from JPL
• Europa Fact Sheet from JPL
• speculation about life on Europa
• Europa Ice Clipper, a proposed sample return mission
• Europa Ocean Explorer, another project in the design stages
• many more links

Open Issues

• How thick is the surface ice? Is there liquid water below? The proposed Europa Orbiter spacecraft might find out.
• What are the surface streaks? How were they formed?
• Why is the surface so smooth?
• Is Europa being heated by tidal friction like Io? How much? Is there any volcanism, perhaps hidden beneath the ice?
• The possible presence of liquid water and volcanism on Europa puts it on my list of possible life-bearing bodies, though, of course, the probability is very low.
• Galileo's extended mission has been approved. If all goes well, it will spend another two years focusing primarily on Europa.

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