Geomagnetic activity

Introduction

Because of the solar wind originating from the Sun, Earth is hit by a hot, magnetized, supersonic collisionless plasma carrying a large amount of kinetic and electrical energy. Some of this energy finds its way into our magnetosphere creating, e.g., geomagnetic activity which consists of

• geomagnetic storms,
• substorms, and
• aurora

When geomagnetic activity has any practical importance to human technology etc., we talk about space weather.

The storms are most directly related to specific solar wind events, while the substorm activity is more complicated because of the temporal storing of energy in the magnetotail. It is not necessary to have a storm in order to have a substorm! Note also that while some auroras (those that extend to low latitudes) are storm-time features and some others (the most active ones) relate to substorms, the oval does not disappear even during the more quiet magnetospheric periods.

It has been shown that solar wind speed correlates well with geomagnetic activity at time scales longer than about one month (Gosling et al., 1976; Crooker et al., 1977). Also the IMF affects the geomagnetic activity, although the energy density of the magnetic field is small in comparison with that of the solar wind plasma. This is because the southward IMF component enhances the coupling between the solar wind and the magnetosphere/ionosphere system.

The level of the geomagnetic activity is measured using different activity indices, most of which are based on ground-based magnetometer recordings. These recordings can be used, e.g., to study the longer trends in the solar activity (e.g., Russell, 1975). Variability in the geomagnetic activity has several sources:

• Variability in the Sun itself that is reflected in the solar wind/IMF
  • the 11- and 22-year solar cycles
  • the 1.3 year variability
• The Earth's orbit around the Sun taking it to different solar latitudes (annual variability)
• The Earth's orbit around the Sun that changes the orientation of relevant coordinate systems (semi-annual variation)
• Rotation of the Sun around its axis, which can lead to periodicities at T = 27 days and T = 13-14 days
  • this activity is called "recurrent" as opposed to "transient" that the other types are

These effects will be discussed more below.

22-year variability

The 22-year double-solar-cycle variation in geomagnetic activity was identified by Chernosky (1966). Activity is higher in the second half of even-numbered solar cycles and in the first half of odd-numbered cycles. The reasons for this is still under discussion: Cliver et al. (1996) argue that it is intrinsic solar variation not related to Russell-McPherron or Rosenberg-Coleman polarity effect as typically suggested (see semi-annual variability below).

11-year variability

The 11-year variability of the geomagnetic activity (e.g., Ellis, 1900) has been recently studied by Vennestrom and Friis-Christensen (1996). They suggest that the activity can be divided into three peaks:

1. Shortly before sunspot maximum. Linked with transient solar activity, and seen with relatively larger amplitude in ring current (storm) activity than in substorm activity.
2. About 2 years after sunspot maximum. Largest peak compound of transient and recurrent magnetic activity (the former dominating?).
3. Descending phase of the solar cycle. Largely recurrent, and seen with larger amplitude in substorm activity than in ring current (storm) activity.

See how the two peaks, one somewhat ahead or at solar maximum and the other 2 or 3 years after it, can be seen in the SSC frequency.

1.3-year variability

The 1.3-1.4-year variability originating from the Sun has been observed in the geomagnetic or auroral data by, e.g., Shapiro (1967), Silverman and Shapiro (1983), and Paularena et al. (1995).

Annual variability

The annual geomagnetic variation relates to the Earth's orbit. Due to the 7.2 degrees tilt of the solar rotation axis with respect to the normal of ecliptic, the Earth reaches the highest northern and southern heliographic latitude (where solar wind speed is higher) on September 6 and March 5, respectively, and crosses the equator twice a year between these dates. Thus, when observed from Earth, one should expect a semiannual variation in solar wind speed with maxima around these dates. However, annual variation is often more clear (e.g., Bolton, 1990), and this is because the solar wind distribution is asymmetric or shifted with respect to equator (Zieger and Mursula, 1998).

Semi-annual variability

The semi-annual variation has been attributed to a IMF-effect (Russell-McPherron, 1973): as the Earth orbits around the Sun, southward IMF component is statistically more likely twice a year, increasing the coupling between the solar wind and magnetosphere. As a result, more storms occur during equinoctial months than during the solstitial months.

Recurrent activity

The relationship between geomagnetic/auroral activity and solar rotation period of 27 days was noted well before space age (e.g., Broun, 1876; Maunder, 1905). This recurrent storm activity is due to coronal holes that cause fast solar wind streams (term M-region was used earlier; see also Crooker and Cliver, 1994). In addition, long intervals exists when two high-speed streams per solar rotation can be seen (e.g., Gosling et al., 1976), creating a 13.5-day periodicity. See, e.g., Mursula and Zieger (1996,1998) for more discussion about the matter.

References

• Bolton, S., One year variation in the near Earth solar wind ion density and bulk flow velocity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 37-40, 1990.
• Broun, J. A., On the variations of the daily mean horizontal force of the Earth's magnetism produced by the sun's rotation and the moon's synodical and tropical revolutions, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 166, 387-404, 1876.
• Chernosky, E. J., Double sunspot-cycle variation in terrestrial magnetic activity, 1884-1963, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 965, 1966.
• Cliver, R. W., V. Boriakoff, and K. H. Bounar, The 22-year cycle of geomagnetic and solar wind activity, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 27091-17109, 1996.
• Crooker, N. U. and E. W. Cliver, Postmodern view of M-regions, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 23383-23390, 1994.
• Crooker, N. U., J. Feynman, and J. T. Gosling, On the high correlation between long-term averages of solar wind speed and geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 1933, 1977.
• Ellis, W., On the relation between magnetic disturbance and the period of solar spot frequency, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 60, 142, 1900.
• Gosling, J. T., J. R. Asbridge, S. J. Bame, and W. C. Feldman, Solar wind speed variations: 1962-1974, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 5061, 1976.
• Maunder, E. W., Magnetic disturbances, 1882 to 1903, as recorded at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and their association with sunspots, Mon. Not. Roy. Astronom. Soc., 65, 2, 1905.
• Mursula, K. and B. Zieger, The 13.5-day periodicity in the Sun, solar wind, and geomagnetic activity: The last three solar cycles, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 27077-27090, 1996.
• Mursula, K. and B. Zieger, Solar excursion phases during the last 14 solar cycles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1851-1854, 1998.
• Paularena, K. I., A. Szabo, and J. D. Richardson, Coincident 1.3-year periodicities in the ap geomagnetic index and the solar wind, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3001, 1995.
• Russell, C. T., On the possibility of deducing interplanetary and solar parameters from geomagnetic records, Solar Phys., 42, 259, 1975.
• Russell, C. T. and R. L. McPherron, Semi-annual variation of geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 92, 1973.
• Shapiro, R., Interpretation of the subsidiary peaks at periods near 27 days in power spectra of geomagnetic disturbance indices, J. Geophys. Res., 72, 4945, 1967.
• Silverman, S. M. and R. Shapiro, Power spectral analysis of auroral occurrence frequency, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 6310-6316, 1983.
• Vennerstrom, S., and E. Friis-Christensen, Long-term and solar cycle variation of the ring current, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 24727-24735, 1996.
• Zieger, B. and K. Mursula, Annual variation in near-Earth solar wind speed: Evidence for persistent north-south asymmetry related to solar magnetic polarity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 841-844, 1998.

See also

• Space Physics Text Book of Oulu