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Abstracts of Symposium 49 of the XVII
World Congress of Soil Science , Bangkok, Thailand, 2002 "Paleosols as a
memory
for understanding landscape history and environmental problems"


Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits influenced by geology
and relief in the Rhenish Massif, Germany
SAUER Daniela (1), SCHOLTEN Thomas (1), SPIES Ernst-Dieter (2) and FELIX-
HENNINGSEN
Peter (1)
(1) Institute of soil science, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-
32,
D-35392 Giessen, Germany
(2) Geological survey of Rheinland-Pfalz, Emy-Roeder-Str. 5, D-55129 Mainz,
Germany

The Rhenish Massif like most other mountainous areas in Germany is largely
covered by several Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits (PPSD) lying on
top of each other. In a soil profile usually two or three layers are found
in a vertical sequence. The German soil classification system distinguishes
four types of PPSD:
. The basal layer (BL) lies immediately on top of the bedrock in almost
every relief position. It consists of debris of the underlying rock and is
free of loess. Its thickness varies in a wide range.
. The intermediate layer (IL) is rich in loess and only occurs in positions
which favour loess accumulation and preservation. Its position is usually
on top of the BL.
. The upper layer (UL) contains rock debris and loess. Where it has not
been eroded, it covers the land surface with a thickness of about 50 ± 20
cm in all relief positions.
. The top layer (TL) covers only small areas in higher regions (mostly >700
- 800 m a.s.l.). It is predominantly composed of rock debris which lies on
top of the UL.
In the mountainous areas in Germany the PPSD are of particular importance,
because many soil characteristics, e. g. stone content, texture, field
capacity, soil depth and rootability, are rather given by the properties of
the PPSD than by soil formation. The pedogenic processes only modify these
properties. Therefore, investigations on the distribution patterns and
properties of the slope deposits were carried out in three different parts
of the Rhenish Massif - the Eifel, HunsrÝck and Westerwald areas. We found
out that along the slope the soil depth increased from top to bottom, and
that the main reason for this was the increase of the thickness of the BL.
An IL occurred at most slopes with exposition NE to SE from the lower
middle slope downwards which additionally increased the soil depth. At
slopes with other expositions the IL was found less often. The increase of
soil thickness downslope often was also supported by holocene erosion and
accumulation due to former deforestation and agricultural use. One of the
ecologically most important properties of the UL and IL is their loess
content which was identified by heavy mineral composition, particle size
distribution and trace element content. The stone content is extremely high
in the BL and also high in the UL. In the IL it is distinctly lower. The BL
is often very dense so that the rooting decreases abruptly in the upper
centimeters of the BL and the water turns from vertical infiltration to
lateral flow within the LB. This water path is of great importance for the
water fluxes in many mountainous regions in Germany on the landscape scale.
Keywords: Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits, periglacial layers,
Rhenish Massif



Relict soils as paleoclimatic indicators: examples from the Austrian Alps
and the Central Andes
VEIT Heinz
University of Bern, Geographical Institute, Hallerstr. 12, CH-3012 Bern,
Switzerland

Two examples of widespread relict soils in high mountains of different
climatic environments are presented. In the European Alps above the
timberline, Podzols are typical soils on silicatic rocks. The Podzols seem
to be relicts of an Early Holocene climatic optimum, when the slopes of the
alpine and lower subnival ecotone had been stabilized by high reaching
alpine meadows, probably for a period of several thousand years. From 5000-
6000 14 C y BP on, the Podzols were partly fossilized by solifluction
lobes. Due to intensified periglacial processes as a consequence of climate
change, the formation of Podzols has not been possible at these altitudes
during the Upper Holocene. But in many places with a dense cover of alpine
meadows, the Early Holocene Podzols are preserved until today. A similar
situation can be recognized with well developed Cambic Calcaric Regosols on
carbonate rocks, also pointing to a climatically more favorable Early
Holocene.
In the semiarid and arid Central Andes of Chile and Argentina, relict
Luvisols characterize great part of the landscape. On the Altiplano north
of 27œS, Luvisols developed under the influence of tropical summer
precipitation. South of it, humidity for soil formation is related to the
westerlies. According to geomorphological aspects as well as to 14 C- and
OSL-dates, the Luvisols in the winter rainfall region were formed during
the Upper Pleistocene, prior to 20,000-25,000 14 C y BP. The Luvisols on
the northern Altiplano were formed during the lateglacial period around
15,000 14 C y BP. This discrepancy in the timing of the humidity maximum
between the tropics and ektropics is well documented in other paleoclimatic
archives (e.g. glaciers, lakes) of the Central Andes, too. Due to a more
arid climate since the Early Holocene (Altiplano: summer precipitation) or
since the Last Glacial Maximum (westerlies: winter precipitation), the
relict Luvisols have been severely eroded, which must not be confused with
anthropogenically induced soil erosion since the arrival of the Spanish
colonizers.
Keywords: Holocene Paleosols, Upper Pleistocene Paleosols, European Alps,
Andes, paleoclimate

Pedogenetic processes in loess sediments in Serbia and Milankovich's
astronomic theory
PROTIC N.J. (1) and KOSTIC N.M. (2)
(1) Institute of soil science, Belgrade, FR Yugoslavia
(2) Faculty of Agriculture, Zemun, FR Yugoslavia

This paper deals with the relation of pedological parameters obtained by
the analysis of severalloess profiles in Serbia with the values of solar
radiation received on Earth for the period of 600,000years according
Milankovich. The cyclic nature of sedimentological and pedogenetic
processes inloess profiles was studied by the analysis of CaCO3 content,
particle-size composition andmineralogical analysis of silt and clay
fractions.
The sequential analysis of data was conducted by Fourier's method and
spectral analysis. Thisresulted in several data and curves, as a frame for
the explanation of the relationship of pedogeneticprocesses and
Milankovich's cycles. In the second method, the parameters of spectral
analysis werereduced to the length of measured values of the Milankovich
age (600 ka), which approximatelycorresponds to the length of the oldest
soil formations in the loess profile of Batajnica, .583 ka.This resulted in
several data and curves, as a frame for the explanation of the relationship
ofpedogenetic processes and Milankovich's cycles.
Keywords: pedological parameters, solar radiation received on Earth,
Milankovich, sequentialanalysis, spectral analysis, astronomic parameters.

Physical, geochemical and mineralogical indicators of
aging in quaternary soils of Central Italy
COSTANTINI Edoardo A.C. (1), ANGELONE Massimo (2) and DAMIANI Damiano (3)
(1) Experimental Institute for Soil Study and Conservation, .P.za M.
D'Azeglio, 30, 50121 Firenze, Italy
(2) ENEA, Tein-Chim, C.R.Casaccia, C.P.2400, 00100 Roma A.D., Italy
(3) Earth Sciences Department, University of Siena, Laterino, Siena, Italy

In this paper, a set of physical, geochemical and mineralogical
indicators are proposed for thecorrelation of soil age. The parameters
studied allowed the highlighting of trends in soil aging aswell as the
relating of these trends to specific soil forming processes. Soil aging was
marked by aprogressive increase in clay content and a decrease in the
silt/clay ratio, a slight reduction in theCEC of clay and a striking
increase in free iron content. Clay mineralogy transformation over timewas
marked by a progressive increase in kaolinite and vermiculite, as well as a
decrease in illite andchlorite. The most outstanding pedological processes,
i.e. crystalline free iron content increase, clayneo-genesis and
illuviation, glossic horizon and fragipan formation, were all found to be
related tokaolinite content. Element content, namely that of Fe, Cr, Pb,
Zn, Ti and K increased from theHolocene to the Upper and Middle Pleistocene
soil horizons and as far as Fe, Cr, Pb and Zn areconcerned, up to those
attributed to the Lower Pleistocene. Al and Ca content decreased along
withtime, especially in soils older than Holocene. The trends of silt/clay
ratio, CEC of clay and free ironwere linear, that is not influenced by
changes of weathering conditions during Pleistocene, whilevermiculite and
kaolinite content, total iron, chromium and lead distinguished the
strongerweathering environment occurring during Lower Pleistocene in
Southern Europe. The tendencies ofthe remaining indicators revealed
intermediate phases of mineral transformation or were influencedby rather
fast processes. Besides soil age, the indicators resulted as being affected
by clay
impoverishment, which occurred within eluvial horizons and bleached streaks
of fragipan, reducing and oxidizing conditions, and lithological and
chronological discontinuities within profiles.
Keywords: soil physics, geochemistry, clay mineralogy, soil aging, Central
Italy

Paleosols and new approaches to paleoenvironment reconstruction
DERGACHEVA Maria
Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Sovetskaya st., 18,
Novosibirsk, 630099, Russia
Nowdays the approaches to paleopedology objects learning are based on
adoption fromcontiguous sciences: pedology, stratigraphy, and litology etc.
The principles of interpretation havebeen carried out for Holocene,
Pleistocene or Pliocene objects separately. Complexity ofinformation
extracting and its interpretation turned out to be more difficult and less
understandablefrom Pre-Quaternary surface Paleosols to Pliocene and more
ancient ones in connection with thedecreasing of paleosols profile
preservation degree. At the same time the approaches to thestudying of
paleopedology objects of any age and preservation and methods of their
investigationshould be common for all objects for the research data to be
comparable.
That's why we have suggested a new method of paleopedogenesis and
paleoenvironmentdiagnostics. The pedohumic method based on pedogenetic and
geochemical properties of humuswas theoretically grounded and tested on
Pliocene- Holocene objects of Siberia, Eastern Europe,Mongolia and
Kazakhstan. It allows us to diagnose the environment from Pliocene to
Holocene onpedogenic features associated with humus using any paleopedology
objects from the full well-preservedprofile to pedosediments and
pedorelicts. Its essence is based on the fact that humuspossesses sensority
and reflectority features in relation to the environment, and therefore it
reflectsand codes ecological conditions of its formation period and
preserves them in diagenesis.
The following theoretical and experimental statements allow us to use
the characteristics ofhumus for the diagnosis of Paleosols and
paleoenviroment:
. the composition of humus substances and the structure of humic acids of
modern soilsreflect the climatic (thermodynamic) conditions during the
time of their formation;
. the humic acids and fulvic acids are a single system in soils; the former
as the accumulativecomponent are in that place where they have been
formed; the latter become incorporated into thecomplexes together with
the humic acids and partially migrate deep into the pack of soil;
theamount of fulvic acids, which can be bound by the humic acids into
complexes, depends on theircomposition and the structure; in various
bioclimatic conditions the system of humus substancesdisplayed different
composition and consequently it may serve as an indicator of the
conditionsunder which both modern and ancient soils had been formed;
. this interaction is preserved through time, and the composition of humic
acids in a paleosolscorresponds to the natural conditions under which the
macromolecules of humic acids, the same asthe complexes of humic acids
with the fulvic acids were formed.
Thus all the above mentioned statements allow us to consider humus as an
indicator of featuresof paleoenvironment specific to any particular period.
New reconstruction of some Eurasian regions paleoenvironment will be
presented in paper asan example.
Keywords: Paleosols, humus composition, humic acids, reconstruction of
environment

Vetusols and Paleosols: natural versus man-induced
environmental change in the Atlantic coastal region
of Morocco
BRONGER A. (1) and SEDOV S.N. (2)
(1) Geographisches Institut der UniversitÄt Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
(2) Department of Soil Science, Institute of Geology, UNAM, Mexico City,
Mexico

The selected surfaces of Terrae Rossae, or Rhodoxeralfs, and a Terra
Fusca (Petrocalcic Palexeralf) developed on mid-Quaternary calcarenites in
the moister region of Rabat show a substantial degree of pedogenic
formation of clay minerals, particularly of kaolinites, primarily in the
fraction < 0.2 µm. For the most part, the pedogenic kaolinites show poor
crystallinity of the fireclay type. The main sources of the pedogenic
kaolinites are feldspars, probably also amphiboles and pyroxenes in the
fractions > 2 µm, and smectites inherited from the calcarenite-residual
loam in the coarse (2-0.2 µm) and fine clay fractions (< 0.2 µm). One Terra
Rossa shows clear evidence that the soil formation was interrupted twice by
deposition of eolian materials, hence it is regarded as a polycyclic
pedocomplex. Eolian input was only of secondary importance during the
pedogenesis of the other surface Terrae Rossae. On younger calcarenites
(100 ka) near the coast, three Rendzinas, or Typic Calcixerolls, show only
slight mineral weathering and pedogenic clay mineral formation, in spite of
a varied spectrum of primary minerals. In one example kaolinite formation
had just started. Probably the Calcixerolls were recalcified by the
addition of eolian material either as a result of anthropogenous thinning
of the vegetation and/or due to the vicinity to the coast. These results
strongly suggest that, at least in this region, Terrae Rossae, or
Rhodoxeralfs, were formed during much of the Brunhes epoch in a younger
coastal area and over the greatest part of the Brunhes epoch in areas
farther from the coast. Because the climatic fluctuation in the cycles of
cold and warm periods were generally slight in this region, the direction
of soil formation was the same. Therefore we regard the Rhodoxeralfs in the
northern part of our study area as Vetusols, in accordance with the concept
of M. Cremaschi (1987). According to our expanded definition, Vetusols are
surface soils which underwent the same or very similar processes of soil
formation under a similar or almost similar constellation of soil-forming
factors, especially climate and with it vegetation, over a long period of
time, including at least some part of the Pleistocene. Consequently today's
patchy distribution of Terrae Rossae is hardly a result of climatically
induced periods of "geomorphological activity and stability," but the
result of the removal of earlier dense forest cover, followed by severe
soil erosion. The human impact on the ecosystem is much more serious than
climatic fluctuations. In the southwestern part of the study area, between
El Jadida and Agadir, the soil moisture regime is dry xeric to aridic and
Terrae Rossae occur only in small areas, mostly in depressions. However,
two selected Rhodoxeralfs in the vicinity of Tamanar show substantial rates
of pedogenic mineral weathering and clay mineral formation, though hardly
any kaolinites. The strong weathering, including the process of clay
illuviation, must have been preceded by decalcification, implying a
distinctly moister climate here in the past. However, micromorphological
features of recent recalcification are common in these Rhodoxeralfs,
suggesting that they are not in equilibrium with the present climate and
must therefore be regarded as nonburied paleosols or relict soils.
Keywords: Vetusols, Paleosols, micromorphology, clay mineralogy, landscape
development

Plio-pleistocene soil-sedimentary complex on the margin of an uplifting
mountain and a subsiding basin (MÀtra Foreland, North Hungary)
HORVàTH ZoltÀn and ANDREA Mindszenty
EÆtvÆs LorÀnd University, Budapest, Hungary

According to geological and geomorphological data the volcanic MÀtra
Hills (1,014 m amsl) has been rising on the nothern margin of the Pannonian
Basin from the beginnings of the Quaternary. During this period the climate
has been characterized alernately by cold, cool, dry and relatively warmer
and wetter conditions.
Due to these factors various sedimentary environments, including soil
formation, have developed on the pediment of the MÀtra Hills.
The open cast lignite mine of the MÀtra Power Station offers a good
opportunity to study the past environmental changes in 3D. Observations are
the following:
1. Paleotopograpy with 1-30 m deep valleys and hills identified within
the area of the lignite mine;
2. Different sedimentary facies following each other from bottom to
top: -late Pannonian lignite bearing alluvial (meandering river and flood
plain) facies; including hydromorphic paleosoils
-the proposed Quaternary soil-sedimentary complex including
coarse, pedorelict bearing conglomerate which fills the bottom
of the paleovalleys;
-red clays redeposited and also subject to pedogenesis;
-repeated intercalations of alluvial sediments with abundant
evidence of soil erosion (such as debris of former red
Paleosols, stratified layers of CaCO3 concretions)
3. Mixture of pottery fragments of the Bronze- and Neolithic Ages in
an unsorted layer which suggest occasional intense events of erosion and
sedimentation
4. Frost features and soft sediment deformation in both paleo- and
recent soils of the studied area. We present field and laboratory evidence
in support of the Pleistoce age of the emplacement of the red Paleosols in
the MÀtra Pediment. Keywords: Quaternary, Paleosols, erosion,
sedimentation, secondary CaCO3

Loess-like deposits at Blayney, South-eastern Australia
HUMPHREYS Geoff S. (1), HESSE Paul P. (1), PETERSON Elizabeth K. (1,2),
CAMPBELL
James (1) and CONAGHAN Patrick J. (3)
(1) Dept. Physical Geography, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
(2) Presently: NSW Dept Land and Water Conservation, Parramatta, Australia
(3) Dept. Earth & Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney,
Australia

Loessic mantles are reported for the first time from Australia. Three
sites, with known or suspected dust accumulations, were examined in detail
near Blayney, which is positioned within a major south-easterly dust
trajectory that extends from the centre of the Australian continent across
the Tasman Sea to New Zealand and beyond. Particle sizing, using a
Sedigraph-5100, shows that the mantles are dominated by silt with 40-60% of
the <2 mm fraction between 10-50 µm with a mode mostly between 25-30 µm and
clay content of mostly 15-25% and sometimes to >35%. XRD, XRF and
petrological examinations indicate that this silt fraction is dominated by
rounded to sub-rounded quartz with minor traces of rounded heavy minerals
such as zircon and the <2 µm fraction is mostly quartz, kaolin and
illite/mica. In none of the studied materials has silt or sand sized clay
pellets been unequivocally recognised. Compositionally and texturally these
mantles are quite distinct from underling saprolites derived from basalt or
phyllite. Nevertheless, the silty mantles are very similar to classic loess
deposits especially those from Europe and North America, though calcite is
absent. However, in comparison to other loess areas the mantles are
relatively thin and do not contain multiple Paleosols. The thickest mantle,
up to 3.65 m thick and with a date of 40 ka at 1.35 m, is positioned on the
leeward side of a broad saddle where preservation potential is possibly
enhanced especially as the lower 2 m consists of an indurated pan complex.
In contrast the thinnest mantle, comprising a topsoil of 24 cm, occurs on a
narrow ridge crest. The comparative thinness of the dust mantles may relate
to a limited supply and/or to post-depositional erosion. Furthermore, the
40 ka OSL date also establishes that the major dust deposition began prior
to the LGM, which is contrary to the common expectation that dust deposits
date from the LGM.
Keywords: dust, micropedology, relict Paleosols, pedogenesis,
Quaternary

1514
Symposium no. 49 Paper no. 2147 Presentation: poster
Application of paleopedological research method for Holocene soils in study
of archaeological relict (of the Siberian monuments)
DEMIDENKO Galina A.
Institute of Forest, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

Paleosoil - as a natural body - keeps many initial features of
genesis. Paleopedological studies allow for the recovery of voluminous
material, which can be used for solving paleogeographical problems in the
analysis of the Holocene environment. Each of the time periods of the
Holocene is characterized by soil cover succession.
The pre-boreal Holocene period: the soil cover succession beginning
with the non-differentiated soils, cryogenic, tundra-ever frozen, gley and
podzol gley soils in the Priangarie plateau to the soddy-taiga and podzol-
ever frozen soils of the Chulym-Balakhta depression is possible.
The boreal Holocene period: within the present taiga the podzolic
soils were formed, within subtaiga-forest steppe - different kinds of
podzolized soils and further south - the grey forest, soddy-forest and
Chernozem-like soils.
The Atlantic Holocene period: in the first half of the period the soil
cover geography has changed from the soddy-forest, soddy-podzolic, soddy-
gley northern areas to the soddy-forest, grey forest and Chernozem-like
soils of the southern areas. The second half in the latitudinal extend is
characterized by alternation of the soddy-forest, soddy-gley, meadow-
Chernozem soils within the southern taiga by the chernozem-like (enleached,
carbonated and ordinary Chernozems) and chestnut's soils of the steppe
landscapes.
The subboreal Holocene period: the soil forming in the Priangarie
plateau region resulted in the formation of soddy-forest, grey-podzolized,
soddy-gley soils. Soil cover of the Chulym-Balakhta hollow was presented by
the grey forest, soddy-forest, meadow-forest, meadow- chernozem and
chernozem-like soils.
The Subatlantic period reflects the present soil cover development.
Keywords: evolution, paleosoil, Holocene.

Botanical and soil survey of kurgans (Great Hungarian Plain, Hungary)
BARCZI Attila and JOO Katalin
Department of Landscape Ecology, Szent IstvÀn University, H-2103 GÆdÆll Ó ,
PÀter K. u. 1, Hungary

Basically the Great Hungarian Plain which is part of the Carpathian
basin has a mosaic-like structure, and is rich in living areas because of
its hydrographical conditions. The isolated hillocks called "kunhalom" (it
means: Cumanian hillock, kurgan) by Hungarian people belong to the
landscape of the Great Hungarian Plain.
The values of kurgans in soil science can be understood when you think
about the task of the soil. The functions are well-reconcilable with the
possible kurgans researches so we can get useful information for the soil-
formation, and the properties of the buried soil layers with the
investigation kurgans in soil science.
Based on the assumptions above we begun the soil investigation of
kurgans. Along a N-S directed line across the Plain four specific hillocks
were chosen and the soil exploration was started on the botanically most
intact one. After surveying the kurgan and it's environment on a 100 x 100
m field the body of the hill was bored on about 6 m depth for five times.
The ditch (ring) enclosing the hillock as well as the characteristic types
of soil of the surrounding territory were bored in a 1.60 m depth. The
morphological examination of the core samples were made, the boring places
positioned, and also the first laboratory examinations were made (pH,
CaCO3, texture, humus, humus quality, AL-soluble phosphates, total salt
content, Na, Fe). Relying on these findings the soil layers, the ground
levels and the buried soil could be identified. For the description of the
genetical processes of the soil as well as for the more precise description
of the buried, ancient soil formations, estimated to 3-4000 years old soil
formation and for the reconstruction of the former and present soil
formations we plan further investigations (paleoecology, mineralogy, humus
examinations, chronology).
Salt affected soil was found in the environment of the hillock. The
soil formation on the body of the hillock showed quite different traits,
and it showed chernozem formation. This is also indicated by vegetation of
the kurgan and it's surroundings. For comparison also the coenological
examinations was made.
The Hungarian heath-plant vegetation of loess is the most western
appearance of the continental grass vegetation. In undisturbed state it's
extremely rich in living areas, and a suitable place to get food, for
reproduction and rest for the living organisms, and it can be a reservoir
area for them at the winter time. On the hillocks, which are in the best
condition, we find a relatively weedless loessgrass, but it often has a
limited species number. These living areas should play a great part in the
biological "green passage system" or the restoring of the original
vegetation to the area. The kurgans in Hungary are under preservational
protection from 1996. With further study of the circumstances of their
formation, with the reconstruction and exploration of the paleoenvironment
new information can be obtained also for the soil genetics of the hillocks,
to the preservation of their values.
Keywords: kurgans, biodiversity, soil formation, palaeosoils, loess
vegetation.