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Panel B, Chapter 3
How Do Galaxies Form and Evolve?
25 January 2007

Conclusions
J. Bergeron, R. Kennicutt, X. Barcons, F. Bertoldi, A. Ferrara, M. Franx, A. Helmi, G. Kauffmann, I. Smail, M. Steinmetz


Comments and Parallel Session: General
General satisfaction with key science questions, opportunities, and objectives Several areas for additional objectives or enhanced emphasis identified Major revision to facilties recommendation needed (IR telescope)

Poitiers, 23 January 2007

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Scientific Opportunities
Co-Evolution of Galaxies and Central Black Holes (G. Hasinger)
­ importance of black hole formation and growth in galaxy formation/evolution should be amplified ­ future X-ray, radio continuum facilities will provide samples of very early black holes (order 106 Mo ) to trace co-evolution ­ broadened Fe K line detectable to z>6 ­ emphasize the value of resolving the cosmic backgrounds for understanding early evolution
Poitiers, 23 January 2007 Science Vision for European Astronomy in the Next 20 Years 3


Scientific Opportunities
The starburst/AGN connection via IR spectroscopy, imaging (L. Spignolio)
­ Future far-infrared interferometer will resolve dusty nuclei from circumnuclear disks at high redshift ­ Large-aperture (>10m) IR telescope enables Spitzerquality spectroscopy of nuclei at high redshift ­ Key scientific need is 10-20m aperture far-infrared telescope and/or interferometer (ground or space, discussed later)

Poitiers, 23 January 2007

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Scientific Opportunities
Evolution of the Cosmic Web
(V. D'Odorico, W. Hermsen) ­ visible/infrared absorption line spectroscopy of paired/multiple sightlines
arcsecond separations possible with ELT trace correlation of metallicity and structure

­ OVI and OVII gas can be traced in emission to map warm/hot phase at low redshift

Poitiers, 23 January 2007

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Scientific Opportunities
Dark Matter and Dynamics of Nearby Galaxies (G. Gilmore, F. Hammer)
­ ELT multiplex spectroscopy of individual stars, clusters will allow mapping of dark halo structures to Virgo cluster ­ studies of emission-line, CO, and HI kinematics of galaxies valuable even for z < 2

Poitiers, 23 January 2007

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Scientific Opportunities
(J. Braine, B. Brandl, F. Hammer, F. Boulanger)

Properties and Physics of Star Formation, ISM, IMF in Nearby Galaxies
­ new facilities such as ALMA, SKA, ELT, etc will provide breakthrough capabilities in studying star formation in nearby galaxies on the scale of individual clusters/starbursts ­ a comprehensive suite of diagnostic features will be accessible (HI, 12CO, 13CO, C+, O0, N+, PAH, H2, HI, PDR lines, H...) ­ Key goal is to calibrate accurate diagnostics (e.g., of H2 column density) ­ coordinated samples, probing range of metallicity, interstellar pressure

Poitiers, 23 January 2007

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Scientific Opportunities
Magnetic Fields (R.
Beck)

­ play a key role across range of problems in this
chapter ­ low-frequency radio telescopes (LOFAR) offer especially powerful promise for measuring fields via polarization, Faraday rotation ­ roadmapping might include feasibility assessment for key experiments (e.g., measurement of intergalactic fields)

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Scientific Opportunities
Stellar Physics from Galactic/Extragalactic Studies (A. Korn, P. Groot) ­ data offer important inputs for testing stellar models ­ understanding of binary populations vs metallicity, etc important for understanding SN projenitors, X-ray binaries and IMBHs, and LISA foregrounds ­ full exploitation of Gaia will require a major program of multiplex stellar spectroscopy, perhaps with dedicated 4-8m telescope(s), in advance of mission completion
Poitiers, 23 January 2007 Science Vision for European Astronomy in the Next 20 Years 9


Facility Recommendations
UV-Optimized 4-8m Space Telescope
­ strong support voiced in parallel session

Large Infrared Telescope
­ draft recommendation for cold 4-8m space telescope should be revised
biggest science gains in this area will come with larger aperture (10-20m) roadmap should address relative cost/benefit merits of aperture, and ground (South Pole?) vs space telescope, and cooling requirements, in context of current/planned facilities (JWST, APEX, CCAT, ALMA, etc) infrared interferometer remains a long-range priority, but also evaluate merits of ground vs space
Science Vision for European Astronomy in the Next 20 Years

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Facility Recommendations
Survey Telescopes
­ ­ (I. Eglitis, others) many survey facilities contemplated (X-rays, OVII/OVIII, H2, groundbased wide-field synoptic, spectroscopic telescopes) key area of need identified for highly multiplexed spectroscopy in visible and/or near-infrared, with wide-field 4-8m telescope(s) some programs rely on planned US survey telescopes (PanStars, LSST)
Science Vision for European Astronomy in the Next 20 Years

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