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What is the origin and evolution of stars and planets?
23 January 2007

Panel C / Chapter 4

Science Questions Recommendations Input from the Community
Leonardo Testi, Rafael Rebolo, Joergen Christensen-Dalsgaard, Ewine van Dishoeck, Stephane Guilloteau, Pavel Kroupa, Didier Queloz, Massimo Turatto, Christoeffel Walkens


What is the origin and evolution of stars and planets?
Chemical Enrichment

ISM

Formation

Final Stages

Birth, Life, and Death of Stars Planetary Systems & Life

Stars Planets
N times (IMF, SFH)
2

Stellar Evolution
Poitiers, 23 January 2007

Stellar Systems
Science Vision for European Astronomy in the Next 20 Years


Science Questions
How do stars form? Is the Initial Mass Function of stars universal? What can we learn probing stellar interiors? What is the life-cycle of the ISM and stars? How do planetary systems form and evolve? What are the demographics of planets in the Galaxy? How do we tell which planets harbour life?
Poitiers, 23 January 2007 Science Vision for European Astronomy in the Next 20 Years 3


How do stars form?

The complexity of star formation: microphysics, feedback; magnetic fields, turbulence The modes of star formation: quasi-static vs. dynamic, clusters Low metallicity star formation and primordial star formation
Poitiers, 23 January 2007 Science Vision for European Astronomy in the Next 20 Years 4


How do stars form?

The role of clusters: dynamical evolution => demanding computations, evolution of binaries, impact on planet formation High angular resolution observations => resolve dense clusters, understand the structure of protoclusters, extragalactic super star clusters Science Vision for European Astronomy in
Poitiers, 23 January 2007 the Next 20 Years 5


Is the initial stars
dN/dlogM

mass function of universal? ~ 10 M ~ 1M
o 2 o

M

char

Pop I / II

Pop III

log M

(Non-)Universality of the stellar IMF; primordial (Pop III) IMF Origin of the IMF (feedback vs. imprinting) The IMF Universe as a and global product of its implication on Star Formation the evolution of across the the Universe
6

Poitiers, 23 January 2007

Science Vision for European Astronomy in the Next 20 Years


What do we stellar
Cep

learn by probing interiors?

Ceph
RR Lyr

Mira

SPB Irr Solar like
BDs ?

Sct PMS DAV

Asteroseismology as a probe of stellar interior Interior Physics: structure, magnetic fields, rotation, convection, nuclear reactions Stellar atmospheres: abundances
Poitiers, 23 January 2007 Science Vision for European Astronomy in the Next 20 Years 7


What is the life-cycle of the ISM and Stars?

Detection and characterization of the ISM at high redshift, in "normal" non-lensed galaxies => Chemical evolution of the ISM in the Universe Chemistry of the local ISM and connection with Solar System bodies, Astrobiology, Laboratory sudies
Poitiers, 23 January 2007 Science Vision for European Astronomy in the Next 20 Years 8


What is the life-cycle of the ISM and Stars?

Supernova/hypernova progenitors, explosion physics Understand SN Ia and CC Sne diversity and the possible cosmological evolution Yields and mass loss history of Sne, Pne, ...
Poitiers, 23 January 2007 Science Vision for European Astronomy in the Next 20 Years 9


How do planetary systems form and evolve?

Inner disk

Outer disk

Disks structure and evolution => Planets formation Dust evolution from ISM grains to pebbles and planetesimals Chemical evolution of the molecular gas
Poitiers, 23 January 2007 Science Vision for European Astronomy in the Next 20 Years 10


How do planetary systems form and evolve?

QuickTimeTM and a Cinepak decompressor are needed to see this picture.

Direct detection of forming planetary systems Are Planetary systems a common output of star formation? Is our own Solar System a common product of the planetary formation process? Science Vision for European Astronomy in
Poitiers, 23 January 2007 the Next 20 Years 11


What are the demographics of planets in the Galaxy?

Expand statistics, search for "wide" Jupiters Are Planetary systems a common output of star formation? Is our own Solar System a common product of the planetary formation process?
Poitiers, 23 January 2007 Science Vision for European Astronomy in the Next 20 Years 12


How do we tell which planets harbour life?

Search for terrestrial planets in habitable zone Characterization of planetary atmospheres and search for lifesupporting and life-byproduct molecules
Poitiers, 23 January 2007 Science Vision for European Astronomy in the Next 20 Years 13


Recommendations
General
Essential role of theory
­ Dedicated machines and development of matematical tools for dynamical evolution computations ­ From microscopic to macroscopic processes in Star Formation ­ Stellar evolution and structure models ­ Planetary systems formation and evolution

Laboratory studies
­ Astrobiology ­ Complex molecules and solids, obs. benchmarks
Poitiers, 23 January 2007 Science Vision for European Astronomy in the Next 20 Years 14


Requirements for principal facilities
Near infrared imaging and spectroscopy at high angular resolution => Fully AO ELT Near- to Far-IR at very high spatial resolution with high contrast => IR interferometry in space High angular resolution and sensitivity in the mm and radio for continuum and spectroscopy => main facility ALMA and possibly SKA Long term continuous monitoring with high accuracy => dedicated space platform High accuracy radial velocity experiments from the ground High accuracy astrometry from ground or space
Poitiers, 23 January 2007 Science Vision for European Astronomy in the Next 20 Years 15

Recommendations


Requirements for secondary facilities
Measurements of velocity and magnetic fields on a broad range of scales => sensitive mm/radio large single dish telescopes and interferometers Wide field diffraction limited imaging and multi object spectroscopy with current generation of large telescopes Full exploitation of ALMA/SKA critically depend on the availability of large single dish and VLBI Asteroseismology and exoplanets transits will benefit from coordinated programmes on telescope networks Availability of X-ray observatories for deep/large area surveys and spectroscopy of individual objects
Poitiers, 23 January 2007 Science Vision for European Astronomy in the Next 20 Years 16

Recommendations


Input from the community
Stellar Astrophysics
­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ P. Diamond: Life-cycle of stars I. Pagano: Issues in stellar astrophysics D. Lennon: Exploiting stellar surveys, spectroscopy G. Tautvaisiene: Interpretation of stellar spectra Th. Appurchaux: Asteroseismology J. Surdej / A. Quirrenbach: Stellar astrophysics at high resolution I. Pustylnik: peculiar binary systems

Interstellar Medium
­ P. Sarre: Cosmic dust

Exoplanetary Systems
­ J.-L. Beuzit: Direct detection of Exoplanets ­ J. Schneider: Earth-like planets and biomarkers
Poitiers, 23 January 2007 Science Vision for European Astronomy in the Next 20 Years 17