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Supernova Surveys
Bruno Leibundgut ESO

One-slide SN 1987A
╖ Kj╘r et al. (arXiv:1003.5684)
н inner ejecta resolved and mapped in [Si I] and [Fe II] as well as He I lines

Some past supernova surveys
╖ Historical surveys
н Zwicky/Caltech/Palomar/POSS
╖ first systematic searches with the 18" Schmidt ╖ only provider of SNe for a long time ╖ spawned from the Caltech search

н Asiago (Rosino)/Zimmerwald (Wild) н Rev. Evans, McNaught
╖ extremely successful amateur searches ╖ very limited success (20 SNe in 2 years) ╖ no rate paper every published

н Las Campanas search (Tammann/Sandage н 1984-1986) н Berkeley automated search

╖ first automated search (from Leuschner Observatory) ╖ successful search with photographic plates and CCD follow-up observations ╖ coordinated spectroscopy ╖ basis for SN cosmology by providing the nearby sample (Hamuy et al. 2006)

н Calan/Tololo SN search (Maza/Hamuy/Phillips/Suntzeff - 1990s)

Nearby supernova surveys
╖ Nearby н z<0.03
mostly focused on prominent, large galaxies "stellar explosions look where the stars are"

н amateurs

╖ many, over long periods ╖ well organised (e.g. finding charts, networks, Web pages) ╖ still find interesting objects, often find them early ╖ ╖ ╖ ╖ ╖ KAIT (first Leuschner then Lick) running for over 15 years (11 years with KAIT н Weidong Li) >1000 SNe discovered н all types best nearby sample for SN rates results are being published
н Smith et al. 2010, Leaman et al. 2010, Li et al. 2010ab

н LOSS/LOTOS

Lick Observatory Supernova Search
Total 929 Optimal sample 726 274 37.7% 180 74 116 16.0% 25 324 44.6% 81 Leaman et al. 2010 Li et al. 2010 12 1.6% Ia 372 40.0% Ibc 144 15.5% II 399 42.9% no classification 14 1.6%

Volume limited sample (80Mpc нIa; 60Mpc н Ibc and II)

Nearby SN surveys
╖ Nearby (cont.)
н Center for Astrophysics
╖ ╖ ╖ ╖ follow-up of interesting objects н all types active for the past 2 decades many individual and peculiar objects most extensive nearby SN Ia sample
н critical for the cosmology (e.g. Riess et al. 1999, Jha et al. 2003, Hicken et al. 2009)

н Carnegie Supernova Project н CSP
╖ nearby and distant SN follow-up ╖ all types ╖ including on IR light curves
н Hamuy et al. 2006, Phillips et al. 2007, Folatelli et al. 2010

Nearby SN surveys
н ROTSE-III
н Akerlof et al. 2003

н SN Factory

╖ see talk by Childress ╖ 600 SNe in two years ╖ mostly unpublished ╖ continuation of SN Factory search in southern sky ╖ new search providing mostly bright supernovae (e.g. 2010ev) ╖ covers 26000 ░ ╖ 62 SNe in six months ╖ publish events through VOEvents
н Drake et al. 2009

н Quest (Palomar/La Silla) н CHASE

н Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey

Nearby SN surveys
╖ Palomar Transient Factory
н see Mark Sullivan's talk н >500 SNe in one year
╖ most not reported to IAU ╖ several peculiar objects detected
н Avishai Gal-Yam's talk

╖ `unbiased' statistics

╖ PanSTARRS-1
н started this year н expect 26000 core-collapse SNe year-1
╖ most not reported
н Young et al. 2008

Distant SN surveys
╖ Intermediate 0.03 н SDSS н CSP
╖ see Bob Nichol's talk
н Kessler et al. 2009 н Freedman et al. 2009

╖ Distant z>0.3

н Danish distant SN Search

╖ Danish 1.54m telescope on La Silla ╖ two year search

н 1 Type Ia (Norgaard-Nielsen et al. 1989), 1 Type II (Hansen et al. 1989)

н Supernova Cosmology Project

╖ several projects (NOAO, AAT, CTIO 4m) ╖ started 1991 ╖ CTIO 4m ╖ started 1995

н Perlmutter et al. 1995, 1997, 1999, Knop et al. 2003

н High-z SN Search Team
н Schmidt et al. 1998, Riess et al. 1998, Tonry et al. 2003

Distant SN surveys
╖ CFHT SN Legacy Survey
н CFHT+MegaCam
╖ 4 filters, six years, rolling search all year
н Astier et al. 2006, Howell et al. 2006, Sullivan et al. 2006ab and many more

н ESSENCE
╖ 2 filters, six years, search during 3 months per year
н Miknaitis et al. 2007, Wood-Vasey et al. 2007, Foley et al. 2008, 2009

н GOODS HST SN Search/SHOES/PANTS
╖ highest-z SNe Ia so far (z>1.2)
н Riess et al. 2004, 2007, 2009, Strolger et al. 2004

Some thoughts on current status
╖ Current SN discovery rate substantial
н During the past decade more SNe were observed than during the millennium before (half-point is late 2003) н Current searches are extremely effective
╖ not all supernovae are reported to the IAU any longer ╖ effectively much higher statistics in the last few years

н Most reported supernovae are classified

Nearby supernovae
╖ More bright supernovae discovered

Surveys targeting SN progenitors
╖ SPY
н search for white dwarf binaries that will merge within a Hubble time

╖ VLT-FLAMES Survey of Massive Stars ╖ Smartt/VanDyk HST/Keck/VLT programs to detect massive stellar progenitors ╖ X-ray surveys
н Roelofs et al. 2008 н failed in this case, but still promising н X-ray all sky surveys н eROSITA?

m=30 m=26

Direct observations of SN progenitors
н white dwarf: M10mag н giant: M-4mag
╖ white dwarf: D16kpc (100kpc for m=30) ╖ giant: D10Mpc (60Mpc for m=30)

╖ Naively:

350Mpc 56Mpc

280Mpc 45Mpc

╖ Observable distances (assume m=26)

220Mpc 35Mpc

180Mpc 28Mpc

Poelarends et al. 2008

Supernova Progenitor surveY
╖ ~1000 white dwarfs checked for radial velocity changes search close binaries
н are there double degenerate white dwarfs in the solar neighbourhood? н discovered ~100 double degenerate systems
Napiwotzki et al. 2007 Geier et al. 2010

Other searches for SN signatures
╖ -surveys
н heavily discussed in the community н science case for various current and future detectors (e.g. AMANDA or ICECube)

╖ IR surveys (VVV, VIDEO, UltraVista)
н just started н too early to tell

Future surveys
╖ Several searches/surveys continue:
н Amateurs, LOSS, CfA, CHASE, PTF, PanSTARRS-1

╖ New surveys
н SkyMapper
╖ ╖ ╖ ╖ 1.35m telescope, 4 filters, 1250 expect ~400 SNe per year IR follow-up organised to start seriously next year ░ `rolling'

н GAIA transient sources
╖ expect ~6000 transients during mission

Future distant surveys
╖ CANDELS/CLASH
н part of two HST multi-cycle treasury programs н z>1.5 SNe for rates
╖ see Enik╞ Reg╞s' talk
н Riess et al.

╖ DES
н several hundred SNe Ia
╖ see Bob Nichol's talk
н Bernstein et al. 2008

╖ PanSTARRS-4/LSST
н >100000 supernovae per year

╖ EUCLID/JDEM
н EUCLID: SNe not main driver (weak lensing and BAO)
╖ details by Bob Nichol

н JDEM: BAO and supernovae н expect several thousand SNe

Cosmology - do we need more?
╖ Already in hand
н >1000 SNe Ia for cosmology н constant determined to 5% н accuracy dominated by systematic effects
╖ reddening, correlations, local field, evolution

╖ Test for variable

н required accuracy ~2% in individual distances н can SNe Ia provide this?
╖ ╖ ╖ ╖ can the systematics be reduced to this level? homogeneous photometry? further parameters (e.g. host galaxy metalicity) handle >100000 SNe Ia per year?

╖ Increase in interesting supernovae
н many more general searches
╖ remove paradigms

More supernovae

н possible through the technological progress
╖ detectors, data storage, data handling and processing

н Need to keep the overview

╖ Improved understanding
н hints on explosion physics н statistical samples
╖ progenitor environments н `short fuse' required ╖ rates clues on progenitor systems

╖ (Do we need a definition of what is a supernova?) ╖ Do we need a central SN database?
н collect all SN discoveries? н IAU database outdated and not capable to supported most new searches

More supernovae

╖ Follow-up observations
н classification н critical to explore the physics
╖ ╖ ╖ ╖ ╖ explosions nucleosynthesis asymmetries peculiarities masses