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Open Systems Handbook: A Guide to Building Open Systems
James Issak, Kevin Lewis, Kate Thompson, Richard Straub
Published by THE IEEE STANDARDS PRESS
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
ABSTRACT
This book is designed to provide interested individuals and organizations with an overview of open systems and the work being done to achieve them. Its focus is on the information and processes that enterprises may use to make strategic decisions about open systems in their organizations.
The book is organized into two sections. Section I presents conceptual and background information about open systems, the open systems arena, and ways in which companies and organizations can most effectively address open systems issues.
Section II includes information on the current status of internationally accepted Industry standards and specifications for open systems. This section is organized using a descriptive model of an open systems environment developed by the IEEE PI 003.0 Working Group, which is developing the Guide to POSIX-based Open System Architecture. This section is not intended to be an exhaustive discussion of current standards and specifications or of international standards activities; rather, it is an overview of the work that is widely applicable to most computing environments.
CONTENTS
Section 1: Open systems explored
1
Chapter 1: Introduction
1
Chapter 2: Open systems: Concept and reality
5
The evolution of open systems
5
Definition of an open system
8
Standard platforms
9
Networking10
Availability and
accessibility 10
Relating definitions of open
systems
11
Open systems potential
12
Standards for open systems 13
Chapter 3: The open systems environment (OSE)
15
Organizing the discussion
15
Components of the POSIX OSE
15
Human/computer Interface
16
System
16
Information
17
Communications
17
Other services
17
Aligning products and standards with the OSE model
18
Chapter 4: Application environment profiles
21
Profile development within standards organizations
24
Chapter 5: Applying open systems information to your
business 29
Steps to implement an open system environment
29
Human factors 32
Using standards In describing applications
32
Profile development 32
Levels of conformance 33
Managing software development 35
Conformance testing of applications
35
Using standards in buying systems
35
Section 2: Elements of an open system
39
Chapter 6: The management element
39
Description of current standards work
39
History and current status
40
ISO/IEC management standards activities
40
TCP/IP management activities
43
IEEE P1387, system administration
44
IEEE P1003.15, batch queuing
44
Open Software Foundation's distributed management
environment 44
Chapter 7: The user interface element
47
IEEE PI 003.2: The shell and utilities working group
48
Description of IEEE P1003.2 standards
48
Form Interface Management Standard (FIMS)
50
Description 50
History and status 51
X Window System
51
Description 52
History and status 51
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
54
Motif 54
OPEN LOOK 5
Chapter 8: The system services element
57
Languages 57
Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) 60
Description 61
History and current status 68
POSIX-related International work 69
Graphics 69
GKS 70
GKS-3D 70
PHIGS 71
PEX 72
Chapter 9: The information and data services
element 73
Data definition and access 73
Database language standards 73
Remote database access 75
Data repository and management systems 76
Indexed Sequential Access Method (ISAM) 78
Document data interchange and processing 78
The Office Document architecture (ODA) and Office Document Interchange
Format (ODIF) 78
PDES/STEP 82
Chapter 10: The communications services
element 85
The Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) 85
Description 85
History and status 86
Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) 88
OSI base standard description 88
History and current status 89
Selected established or emerging communications standards
94
ISO/CCITT X.400 (1993), Mail and message handling systems 94
ISO/CCITT X.500 (1988), Directory services 95
File Transfer Access and Management (FTAM) 95
Remote procedure calls 95
ISO/CCITT X.25 (WAN standard) 96
Local area network standards 96
Chapter 11: Other
concerns 99
Security 99
Communications security 100
Operating system security 101
Internationalization 102
Software Development Environment (SDE)
104
Portable Common Tool Environment (PCTE) 105
A Tools Integration Standard (ATIS) 105
CASE Integration Services (CIS) 105
Appendixes 107
Appendix A: Guide to standards-developing organizations
and consortia 107
Organizations and organizational relationships
107
International organizations: ISO, IEC, and ITU/CCITT 107
Regional standards organizations: CEC, CEN, CENELEC, ETSI,
EWOS, and ECMA 109
National standards organizations 110
Government organizations 112
Industry consortia and user organizations 114
Appendix B: Standards-development organizations
118
International standards-development organizations
118
International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) 118
I
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 119
International Telecommunication Union
(ITU) 121
International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative
Committee (CCITT) 122
ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1
(JTC 1)123
Regional standards organizations and
workshops 125
Asia-Oceania Workshop (AOW)
125
Comlte European de Normalisation (CEN)
127
Comlte European de Normalisation Electrotechnlque (CENELEC)
128
European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA)
129
European Workshop on Open Systems (EWOS) 131
OSE Implementors' Workshop
133
National and governmental standards
organizations
134
Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) X3 135
Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) X12 136
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 137
Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR)
138
British Standards Institute (BSI) 140
Canadian Standards Association (CSA) 141
Deutsches Institut fur Normung e.V. (DIN) 142
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the IEEE Computer
Society 144
Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) 145
NIST Computer Systems Laboratory (CSL)
146
Consortia and user
groups 148
CASE Integration Services (CIS) Standards Committee 148
Corporation for Open Systems (COS)149
X Consortium 151
Multivendor Integration Architecture Consortium (MIA)
153
Object Management Group (OMG) 155
Office Document Architecture Consortium (ODAC) 157
Open Software Foundation (OSF) 158
Petrotechnical Open Software Corporation (POSC) 160
SQL Access Group (SAG) 161
X/Open 162
UnlForum 164
Standards Promotion and Application Group (SPAG) 165
Japanese Promoting Conference for OSI (POSI) 167
Appendix C: Bibliography 169
Appendix D: Glossary of open systems environment/standards-related terms 171
Index 181
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