Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://www.cosmos.ru/conf/2009elw/presentations/presentations_pdf/session7/pavlov_ELW.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Mon Mar 2 19:59:33 2009 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Mon Apr 6 23:51:37 2009 Êîäèðîâêà: Ïîèñêîâûå ñëîâà: space shuttle atlantis

GENTNER ­ a miniaturised laser instrument for planetary in-situ analysis
Elmar K. Jessberger Isabelle Rauschenbach Sergey G. Pavlov Heinz-Wilhelm HÝbers Hartmut Henkel Sabine Klinkner Institut fÝr Planetologie WestfÄlische Wilhelms-UniversitÄt MÝnster Institute for Planetary Research German Aerospace Center (DLR) - Berlin von Hoerner & Sulger GmbH Schwetzingen, Germany

von Hoerner & Sulger GmbH

Int. Symp. "Europa lander", Moscow >12.02.2009


Outline
Planetary instruments for in-situ chemical analysis Laser-induced plasma spectroscopy: principle, instrumentation, features GENTNER proposal of the LIBS instrument for the Europa lander mission State-of-the-art of the instrument

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Space-qualified instruments for in-situ chemical analysis
http://athena.cornell.edu/

-particle X-ray Spectrometer
MINERALOGY determines the abundance of all rock-forming elements except hydrogen

MINERALOGY determines the composition and abundance of Fe-bearing minerals

Moessbauer Spectrometer

Both well developed · space exploration heritage · physics and interpretation clear However, both have stringent limitations · 4 ­ 8 hours for one spectrum · 4 cm diameter area analysis ,,point" · ,,limited" exobiologic relevance ·THEREFORE: A New Experiment is Needed...
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NEW GENERATION = optical
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectrometry Laser Induced Plasma Spectrometry Analysis the emission of atomic lines from the plasma that is generated by a laser shot during photo-ablation for

LIBS

chemical analysis

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Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS): Principle

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Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS): Advantages
i Entirely optical technique, requires only optical contact to a sample i Real time analysis (ultimate limit: spectrum per single laser shot) i Minimal or no sample preparation (self-cleaning, penetrating) i Multi-elemental characterization (no fundamental limit) i No consumables or hazardous waste i High spatial and depth resolution (profiling) i Measurements on small sample (ablated mass ~ 1µg) i Standoff remote analysis (up to a few meters) i Suitable for combination with other optical spectrometers (e.g. Raman)

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Future Missions Employing LIBS(/Raman) Instruments

Laser-Induced Remote Sensing for Chemistry and Micro-Imaging (ChemCam)
NASA 2011
Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL/J.-L. Lacour,CEA

The Raman/Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (Raman/LIBS) instrument
ESA 2013
Image credit: ESA

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GENTNER
LIBS/Raman
1. LIBS Instrument quantitative elemental analysis to 100 ppm within 1 minute of > 50 µm area with 10 µm information depth
cf. APXS: · 4 ­ 8 hours for one spectrum · 4 cm diameter area analysis ,,point"

2. Possible combination LIBS with pulsed Raman mineralogical & molecular information
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Original Gentner Project
Rover Locomotion System (e.g. Wheel Accommodation) Robotic Arm

GENTNER Instrument Module (IM)

Mole / Drill Fiber Optics

initial estimate: 1 kg

Facility Instrument

GENTNER Sensor Heads (SH)
PASTEUR Facility

Other Laser Instruments (LIF, LMS, ...)

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LIBS Instrument: State-of-the-art Laser Prototype Spectrometer Prototype Research and Tests at Martian conditions

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Martian conditions: Limits of Detection

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Martian conditions: Precision

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Advantages of LIBS: in comparison
Fast analysis (seconds) High lateral resolution ( 50 µm) Simultaneous detection of major, minor and trace elements Sensitivity down to 100 ppm No sample preparation needed Independent from sample properties - ice, dust or rocks Capability of depth profiling up to 2 mm Can be combined with other methods like Raman spectroscopy for mineral identification
LIBS (Laser prototype, 216 g, Martian cond.)
Field of measurement Duration of analysis Depth of information Sample preparation Detection area Detection limits 50 µm spot diameter 1 min Equal for all elements: 100 shots 100 µm 1 000 shots 1 mm None, dust is removed by plasma shock wave H to Pb Ba, Sr, Mg, Na: 400­700 ppm Al, Ca, Ti, Mn: 0.1­0.3 wt.% Fe, K, Si: 1­2 wt.%

APXS (Alpha-ParticleX-ray Spektrometer)
2.5 cm spot diameter Major elements: 15­30 min Minor elements: up to 4 h Na 2 µm Fe 25­50 µm None, but dust layer can dominate spectra in cases Na to Br Cl 500 ppm Ni 100 ppm Br 20 ppm

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GENTNER science group and industry team
science team IfP
E. K. Jessberger I. Rauschenbach

support DLR ENEA
V. Lazic

H.-W. HÝbers S. Pavlov

industry team vH&S
H. von Hoerner H. Henkel

support StarOptron
K. Schneider

LZH
D.Kracht J. Neumann

ISAS
S. Florek M. Okruss

Ing.BÝro
G. Pahl

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Summary
LIBS is suitable and advance optical technique for in-situ chemical analysis of solid matter LIBS can operate along or in combination with other instruments, e.g. Raman spectrometer GENTNER proposal of the LIBS instrument for the Europa lander mission has a solid background, based on the developed partnership of science and industry teams having experience in planetary missions State-of-the-art: Running development and tests of the prototype parts of the instrument for the ESA Exo-Mars mission, LIBS database on planetary analogues at planetary conditions

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