Документ взят из кэша поисковой машины. Адрес оригинального документа : http://www.atnf.csiro.au/research/Astro2010/talks/ferrario.pdf Дата изменения: Wed Jun 16 07:44:45 2010 Дата индексирования: Tue Oct 2 13:44:32 2012 Кодировка: Поисковые слова: mare

The magnetic properties of Main Sequence Stars, White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars
Lilia Ferrario Mathematical Sciences Institute Australian National University


Properties of MWDs
High Field MWDs ~ 106 - 109 G (~14% ,Liebert et al. `04) Low Field MWDs ~ 103 - 105 G (~16%, Jordan et al. `06) Spin of HFMWDs: ~ minutes - hundreds of years.
Observed distribution Inferred distribution

Dearth of objects

LFMWDs: 16% of of apparently nonmagnetic WDs are weakly magnetic (103-104 G) Jordan et al. (2006). Incidence could approach ~100%


Magnetic Field Gap in MWDs
Dearth of stars at B ~ 105 - 106 G is real. MWDs in this field range would have been discovered in the high-resolution Spy survey (Napiwotzki 2003). So far Spy has only yielded two or three new MWDs in this field range (Koester et al. 2001, 2005).


Properties of Neutron Stars
Data from ATNF Catalogue
Low Field region (MSP) Magnetar region

· Magnetic Fields: ~1011 ­ a few 1013G (RadioPulsars) ~ a few 1013 ­ 1015 G (Magnetars) ~

·

Incidence of Magnetism: 100% (?)


Evidence for weakly magnetic Neutron Stars: the CCO
Central Compact Objects No measurable period derivatives implies B<1011G. (CCOs) are found in young SNRs (<104 years). Incidence: 30% (De Luca 2008). Characterised by: ·Thermal X-ray emission (0.4 keV BB, size< 1 km), · Absence of optical or radio emission, · Lack of a pulsar wind nebula.
PupA (Hui & Becker 2006)


NS/HFMWDs: Field Comparison


NS/HFMWDs: Field Comparison
Magnetic field distribution of the HFMWDs compared to that of the NS when the WD radii are shrunk down to those typical of NS.

A high magnetic field tail in HFMWDs. Contribution from mergers?


Main Sequence: Ap/Bp stars
Volume limited sample (100pc from the Sun) (Power et al. 2007)

· 10% of MS stars are magnetic with large scale dipolar fields. · Highest incidence at B7, B8 and B9 (15.5%).


Magnetic fields in Ap/Bp stars: a dichotomy
300 G Auriere et al. (2006) Wade (2006)

Auriere et al (2006) discovered that A and late B stars have ordered dipolar fields with B >300 G or they are not magnetic down to an observational limit of ~30G.


Main Sequence: Op stars
· Petit et al. (2006) find 25% of stars with B>1 kG in the Orion Nebula. Highest fields: Ori C (1,100 G - Donati et al. 2002) and HD 191612: 1,500 G (Donati et al. 2006). · Observations of other massive star regions ~10%(Alecian & MiMes collaboration). Orion has an unusually high % of highly magnetic stars. Orion also exhibits a highly abnormal massive-star mass function (Pflamm-Altenburg & Kroupa 2006)


Origin of magnetic fields
Interstellar magnetic fields are trapped in collapsing protostars and survive to the compact star stage (strong fossil field hypothesis). Magnetic fields are created during the final stages of pre-main sequence evolution through mergers and survive to the compact star stage (weak fossil field hypothesis). Magnetic fields are destroyed and then created again in a fraction of stars during stellar evolution (dynamo generated field hypothesis).


Strong fossil hypothesis
For M >2 M, stars continue to accrete mass and magnetic flux after they have developed a radiative envelope (Tout, Wickramasinghe, Ferrario `99). Stars with M>2M (Palla & Stahler 1990) - do not go through a fully convective Hayashi phase during which magnetic flux may be dissipated. Assuming that they form from a constant density cloud, the magnetic flux ~ M2/3 (Tout, Wickramasinghe & Ferrario 2004).


Weak fossil hypothesis
Ferrario et al (2009) have proposed that Ap/Bp stars acquired their fields through mergers occurring at the end of the pre-MS formation process strong differential rotation large scale fields that get "frozen" into the radiative envelopes. Such late mergers can also account for the lack of close binaries among Ap/Bp stars.


A fossil origin for HFMWDs & NS
· Magnetic Flux of O-type stars Ori C and HD

191612 : ~1028G cm2 ~similar to that of highest field magnetar SGR 1806-20. · Highest magnetic fluxes of MS stars, MWDs, and NS are all of the same order of magnitude: · Under flux conservation: B(A-stars) ~ 300-30000 G B (WD) ~ 106 - 109 G B(O-stars) ~ ? - 2000 G B (NS) ~ 1011 ~1015 G


Support for Fossil Hypothesis in WDs
Dearth of Ap/Bp stars below 300 G: the magnetic flux matches the fields below which there is a dearth of MWDs.
300 G Auriere et al. (2006) Wade (2006)

Dearth of objects


Support for Fossil Hypothesis in WDs
· HFMWDs: mean mass ~ 0.82 M (c.f. 0.58 M for all WDs) of EUVE/Soft X-ray selected ultra-massive WDs (M>1.2 M ) are strongly magnetic (Vennes 1999).
High Field Magnetic WDs Non-Magnetic WDs

·

Most MWDs have massive(>3M) progenitors

A high mass tail with clear contribution from mergers

· BUT many massive WDs are nonmagnetic (e.g. evidence for a (EUVE J0317-853) GD50)


Population synthesis of magnetars on fossil field hypothesis.
Used observations of 4 magnetars from ROSAT AllSky survey . Objects are assigned twocomponents: power law and blackbody and are born according to Salpeter IMF. All ROSAT X-ray selection effects taken into account. If all Mi >20M 26 predicted with BR 3x10-3yr
-1
Ferrario & Wickramasinghe )2008(

Green squares: observations. Blue dots: synthetic population.


Major Problem with fossil field hypothesis?
How do fossil fields survive the red giant phase of stellar evolution? BUT EK Eridani, a red giant with ~ 0.37 M convective envelope, has a B~270 G large scale poloidal field, is very slowly rotating compatible with being the descendant of a strongly magnetic Ap star (Auriere et al 2008). Currently, there are no stellar evolution calculations that include fossil fields in radiative regions and follow their evolution as the star evolves.


Fields of HFMWDs come from mergers ­ like it has been proposed for Ap/Bp stars (Ferrario et al. 2009). EUVE0317-855 could be one of these objects. This would explain the complete absence of main sequence (Mdwarf) companions to HFMWDs (incidence in non-MWDs:25%)

Merger hypothesis for field formation in HFMWDs


Alternative scenario for field generation in NS
· Rapid rotation and differential motion in the proto-NS generates fields of (Duncan & Thompson 1992) · Isolated radio-pulsars: B ~ 1012 G Pi ~ 10 ms Magnetars: B ~ 1015G Pi < 3 ms · Magnetars fields form in <10 s with spin-down time scale of ~ 10-100 sec. With P ~ 1 ms, Erot= I 2 /2 ~ 3x1052 erg and magnetars should power hypernovae (T. Thompson et al. 2004). Vink & Kuiper (2006) have shown that SN remnants hosting magnetars are not more energetic than any other SN remnants


1 SGR in SNRs: N49 (LMC) 3 AXPs associated with SNRs: - Kes 73 (~ 7 kpc), CTB109 (~3 kpc) G29.6+0.1 (~3 kpc) No more energetic than any other SN remnants problem with dynamo.
Kes 73 (Chandra)

SNRs and magnetars

G29.6+0.1

(VLA, Gaensler et al. '00)

CTB109

(Sasaki et al. '04)

(XMM)

N49

(Chandra)


Conclusions
·

A fossil origin for the fields provides a natural explanation for the range of fields seen in Ap/Bp/Op stars, HFMWDs and Neutron Stars BUT it is not clear how these fields survive through the various stages of stellar evolution.

· If fields are destroyed by the onset of convection in the envelope at the end of the MS phase, then fields must be generated again to explain the existence of strong fields in compact stars. if all MWDS come from mergers, where do neutron star magnetic fields come from?