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I could easily add a few more galaxies to this group (see e.g., Dickey 1982,
1986; Mirabel 1982; Heckman et al. 1983). Mirabel & Sanders (1988) find that
18 out of their 92 luminous far-infrared galaxies show HI absorption
with line widths of 100-600 kms-1, although some cases are very weak
(e.g., U 9618, Mrk 331), and many of the detections were known before (see the
references in Table 4).
Interferometric studies need to be carried out to separate the HI
absorption from the emission to determine more accurate line widths
and centre velocities. For example, the study fails to pick up the broad
absorption in the nearby polar-ring galaxy NGC 660, and there may well be
others.
Name | D | RC3-Type | abs. line width | References |
[Mpc] | [km/s] | |||
NGC 520 | 30 | .P..... | 100 | 1,5,7 |
Mkn 231 | 160 | .SAT5$P | 150 | 1 |
NGC 2623 | 74 | .P..... | 525 | 2,5,7 |
NGC 3256 | 37 | .P..... | 300 | 10 |
NGC 3690/IC 694 | 42 | .IB.9P. | 300 | 1,5,8 |
IC 4553 (=Arp 220) | 72 | .S?.... | 743 | 2,(4),5,6,7 |
IC 883 | 92 | .I..9*P | 460 | 3,7 |
NGC 6240 | 100 | .I.0.*P | 700 | 1,3,(9) |
References: (1) Dickey 1982; (2) Mirabel 1982; (3) Heckman et al. 1983; (4) Norris et al. 1985; (5) Dickey 1986; (6) Baan et al. 1987; (7) Mirabel & Sanders 1988; (8) Baan & Haschick 1990; (9) van der Werf et al. 1993; (10) English 1994.
What is happening in these galaxies? Are they scaled-up versions of the group of nearby luminous galaxies discussed in the previous section? I think the answer is yes. But in these galaxies the cold gas which feeds the starburst is driven inwards by strong tidal interaction or merging between galaxies (see e.g., Rieke et al. 1985), whereas in the nearby galaxies, bars and/or weak galaxy interactions may be responsible.
Are those broad absorption lines also caused by fast-rotating nuclear rings?
Interferometer maps of the integrated CO emission have shown that cold gas
is strongly concentrated toward the `active' nuclei (starburst nuclei or
AGN) of those systems (Sargent & Scoville 1991; Scoville et al. 1991). The
kinematics, which are more clearly revealed by high-resolution HI
absorption measurements, indicate that at least part of the gas rotates around
the nuclei (see e.g., Baan & Haschick 1990). A very nice example is the
peculiar galaxy IC 4553, where the HI and OH absorption measurements
clearly indicate a fast-rotating edge-on disk close to the nucleus; the total
velocity shift across the source is 145 kms-1 over a distance of
19 or 700 pc (Baan et al. 1987, and references therein). But there
are also inward and outward motions of the cold gas. The central activity
of IC 4553, which is also the best studied OH megamaser galaxy, is caused by
a Seyfert2 or starburst nucleus (see e.g., Heckman et al. 1983).
The gas distribution and kinematics in interacting systems could provide information about the merger evolution. As the interaction progresses, a large fraction of the interstellar medium (ISM) of each galaxy is expected to sink into a common centre of mass. I suggest that the cold gas is accumulated in a ring near the central source from where it is spiralling inwards, eaten up by the hungry starburst, and then partly ejected into the halo.