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Apache HTTP Server Version 2.4
This document describes how to efficiently serve an
arbitrary number of virtual hosts with the Apache HTTP Server. A
separate document discusses using
mod_rewrite
to create dynamic mass virtual hosts.
The techniques described here are of interest if your
httpd.conf
contains many
<VirtualHost>
sections that are
substantially the same, for example:
<VirtualHost 111.22.33.44> ServerName customer-1.example.com DocumentRoot /www/hosts/customer-1.example.com/docs ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /www/hosts/customer-1.example.com/cgi-bin </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost 111.22.33.44> ServerName customer-2.example.com DocumentRoot /www/hosts/customer-2.example.com/docs ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /www/hosts/customer-2.example.com/cgi-bin </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost 111.22.33.44> ServerName customer-N.example.com DocumentRoot /www/hosts/customer-N.example.com/docs ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /www/hosts/customer-N.example.com/cgi-bin </VirtualHost>
We wish to replace these multiple
<VirtualHost>
blocks with a mechanism
that works them out dynamically. This has a number of
advantages:
The main disadvantage is that you cannot have a different log file for each virtual host; however, if you have many virtual hosts, doing this can be a bad idea anyway, because of the number of file descriptors needed. It is better to log to a pipe or a fifo, and arrange for the process at the other end to split up the log files into one per virtual host. One example of such a process can be found in the split-logfile utility.
A virtual host is defined by two pieces of information: its
IP address, and the contents of the Host:
header
in the HTTP request. The dynamic mass virtual hosting technique
used here is based on automatically inserting this information into the
pathname of the file that is used to satisfy the request. This
can be most easily done by using mod_vhost_alias
with Apache httpd. Alternatively,
mod_rewrite can
be used.
Both of these modules are disabled by default; you must enable one of them when configuring and building Apache httpd if you want to use this technique.
A couple of things need to be determined from the request in
order to make the dynamic
virtual host look like a normal one. The most important is the
server name, which is used by the server to generate
self-referential URLs etc. It is configured with the
ServerName
directive, and it is available to CGIs
via the SERVER_NAME
environment variable. The
actual value used at run time is controlled by the UseCanonicalName
setting. With UseCanonicalName Off
, the server name
is taken from the contents of the Host:
header in the
request. With UseCanonicalName DNS
, it is taken from a
reverse DNS lookup of the virtual host's IP address. The former
setting is used for name-based dynamic virtual hosting, and the
latter is used for IP-based hosting. If httpd cannot work out
the server name because there is no Host:
header,
or the DNS lookup fails, then the value configured with
ServerName
is used instead.
The other thing to determine is the document root (configured
with DocumentRoot
and available to CGI scripts via the
DOCUMENT_ROOT
environment variable). In a normal
configuration, this is used by the core module when
mapping URIs to filenames, but when the server is configured to
do dynamic virtual hosting, that job must be taken over by another
module (either mod_vhost_alias
or
mod_rewrite
), which has a different way of doing
the mapping. Neither of these modules is responsible for
setting the DOCUMENT_ROOT
environment variable so
if any CGIs or SSI documents make use of it, they will get a
misleading value.
This extract from httpd.conf
implements the
virtual host arrangement outlined in the Motivation section above
using mod_vhost_alias
.
# get the server name from the Host: header UseCanonicalName Off # this log format can be split per-virtual-host based on the first field # using the split-logfile utility. LogFormat "%V %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b" vcommon CustomLog logs/access_log vcommon # include the server name in the filenames used to satisfy requests VirtualDocumentRoot /www/hosts/%0/docs VirtualScriptAlias /www/hosts/%0/cgi-bin
This configuration can be changed into an IP-based virtual
hosting solution by just turning UseCanonicalName
Off
into UseCanonicalName DNS
. The server
name that is inserted into the filename is then derived from
the IP address of the virtual host. The variable %0
references the requested servername, as indicated in the
Host:
header.
See the mod_vhost_alias
documentation for more usage
examples.
This is an adjustment of the above system, tailored for an
ISP's web hosting server. Using %2
,
we can select substrings of the server name to
use in the filename so that, for example, the documents for
www.user.example.com
are found in
/home/user/www
. It uses a single cgi-bin
directory instead of one per virtual host.
UseCanonicalName Off LogFormat "%V %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b" vcommon CustomLog logs/access_log vcommon # include part of the server name in the filenames VirtualDocumentRoot /home/%2/www # single cgi-bin directory ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /www/std-cgi/
There are examples of more complicated
VirtualDocumentRoot
settings in the
mod_vhost_alias
documentation.
With more complicated setups, you can use httpd's normal
<VirtualHost>
directives to control the
scope of the various virtual hosting configurations. For
example, you could have one IP address for general customers' homepages,
and another for commercial customers, with the following setup.
This can be combined with conventional
<VirtualHost>
configuration sections, as shown
below.
UseCanonicalName Off LogFormat "%V %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b" vcommon <Directory /www/commercial> Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride All </Directory> <Directory /www/homepages> Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None </Directory> <VirtualHost 111.22.33.44> ServerName www.commercial.example.com CustomLog logs/access_log.commercial vcommon VirtualDocumentRoot /www/commercial/%0/docs VirtualScriptAlias /www/commercial/%0/cgi-bin </VirtualHost> <VirtualHost 111.22.33.45> ServerName www.homepages.example.com CustomLog logs/access_log.homepages vcommon VirtualDocumentRoot /www/homepages/%0/docs ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /www/std-cgi/ </VirtualHost>
If the first VirtualHost block does not include a
ServerName
directive, the reverse
DNS of the relevant IP will be used instead.
If this is not the server name you
wish to use, a bogus entry (eg. ServerName
none.example.com
) can be added to get around this
behaviour.
The configuration changes suggested to turn the first example into an IP-based virtual hosting setup result in a rather inefficient setup. A new DNS lookup is required for every request. To avoid this overhead, the filesystem can be arranged to correspond to the IP addresses, instead of to the host names, thereby negating the need for a DNS lookup. Logging will also have to be adjusted to fit this system.
# get the server name from the reverse DNS of the IP address UseCanonicalName DNS # include the IP address in the logs so they may be split LogFormat "%A %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %s %b" vcommon CustomLog logs/access_log vcommon # include the IP address in the filenames VirtualDocumentRootIP /www/hosts/%0/docs VirtualScriptAliasIP /www/hosts/%0/cgi-bin
Mass virtual hosting may also be accomplished using
mod_rewrite
, either using simple RewriteRule
directives, or using more
complicated techniques such as storing the vhost definitions externally
and accessing them via RewriteMap
. These techniques are
discussed in the rewrite
documentation.