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Дата изменения: Fri Nov 19 12:07:20 2010 Дата индексирования: Tue Oct 2 00:00:49 2012 Кодировка: Поисковые слова: moreton wave |
Laboratory and theoretical modelling of the UV bump on the interstellar extinction curve is a very popular topic in dusty investigations. Since the discovery of the bump by Stecher ([1965]) and its first explanations (Wickramasinghe and Guillaume, [1965]; Stecher and Donn, [1965]), consideration proceeded in the following directions: search for carrier candidates, improvement of the optical constants (mainly for graphite being the most likely candidate) and application of more progressive light scattering theories which give the possibility of including the particle shape and material anisotropy effects. Among possible candidates, silicate (enstatite), irradiated quartz, oxides (MgO, CaO), organic molecules were considered too. However, carbonaceous species and especially graphite are the favourite material. The number of different explanations of the UV bump (both successful and failed) using carbon-based materials is rather large. They include consideration of both ordered and disordered forms of carbon: graphite, amorphous and graphitic carbons, coals, quenched carbonaceous composites, PAHs, carbonaceous (amorphous/glassy) particles (see Mennella et al., [1998] and references therein). The use of well-ordered carbon like graphite is preferable because of smaller amount of carbon required although perfectly ordered, true graphite is unlikely to be present in the interstellar medium1.
The problem is to interpret simultaneously the central position of the peak and its width2. Unfortunately, this problem does not have unique solution: the observations can be explained, for example, by the effects of coating (Mathis, [1994]), clumping (Rouleau et al., [1997]) or clustering (Schnaiter et al., [1998]) of the isolated carbon particles.
The contradictoriness of identification of the
2175 Å feature is illustrated by Fig. 10 where the profiles were
calculated using the model of graphite spheres.
As follows from Fig. 10, the profiles with the central position
near
can be obtained if we take
the compact spheres with radius
(upper panel)
or hollow spheres with
and
(middle panel). Although for single-size particles
the width of the calculated profiles is smaller than
the observed one, a simple bi-modal size
distribution allows one to fit both the position and the width of
the mean galactic profile (Fig. 10, lower panel).
Note that the shape effects cannot be identified from extinction measurements (see, e.g., Draine and Malhotra, [1994], Mathis, [1994]). Duley and Seahra ([1998]) investigated extinction produced by small carbon particles consisting of aromatic rings in configurations similar to those of PAH molecules. They found that the changes of the bump position and width can be attributed to the variations of the degrees of hydrogenation, ionization and defects.
So, we can conclude that
identification of the 2175 Å feature is still
a problem without a single solution, especially if only the
extinction profile is considered.