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Capitol Hill Basics
The official legislative process begins when a bill or resolution is numbered (H.R. signifies a House bill and S. a Senate bill), referred to a committee and printed by the Government Printing Office. Step 1. Referral to Committee With few exceptions, bills are referred to standing committees in the House or Senate according to carefully delineated rules of procedure. Find out if: Your representative is on the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation Your representative is on the U.S. House Committee on Science, Space & Technology Step 2. Committee Action When a bill reaches a committee, it is placed on the committee's calendar. A bill can be referred to a subcommittee or considered by the committee as a whole. It is at this point that a bill is examined carefully and its chances for passage are determined. If the committee does not act on a bill, it is the equivalent of killing it. Step 3. Subcommittee Review Often, bills are referred to a subcommittee for study and hearings. Hearings provide the opportunity to put on the record the views of the executive branch, experts, other public officials, supporters and opponents of the legislation. Testimony can be given in person or submitted as a written statement. Step 4. Mark Up When the hearings are completed, the subcommittee may meet to "mark up" the bill, that is, make changes and amendments prior to recommending the bill to the full committee. If a subcommittee votes not to report legislation to the full committee, the bill dies. Step 5. Committee Action to Report A Bill After receiving a subcommittee's report on a bill, the full committee can conduct further study and hearings, or it can vote on the subcommittee's recommendations and any proposed amendments. The full committee then votes on its recommendation to the House or Senate. This procedure is called "ordering a bill reported." Step 6. Publication of a Written Report After a committee votes to have a bill reported, the committee chairman instructs staff to prepare a written report on the bill. This report describes the intent and scope of the legislation, impact on existing laws and programs, position of the executive branch, and views of dissenting members of the committee. Step 7. Scheduling Floor Action After a bill is reported back to the chamber where it originated, it is placed in chronological order on the calendar. In the House there are several different legislative calendars, and the Speaker and majority leader largely determine if, when, and in what order bills come up. In the Senate there is only one legislative calendar. Step 8. Debate When a bill reaches the floor of the House or Senate, there are rules or procedures governing the debate on legislation. These rules determine the conditions and amount of time allocated for general debate. Step 9. Voting After the debate and the approval of any amendments, the bill is passed or defeated by the members voting.


Step 10. Referral to Other Chamber When a bill is passed by the House or the Senate, it is then referred to the other chamber, where it usually follows the same route through committee and floor action. This chamber may approve the bill as received, reject it, ignore it or change it. Step 11. Conference Committee Action If only minor changes are made to a bill by the other chamber, it is common for the legislation to go back to the first chamber for concurrence. However, when the actions of the other chamber significantly alter the bill, a conference committee is formed to reconcile the differences between the House and Senate versions. If the conferees are unable to reach agreement, the legislation dies. If agreement is reached, a conference report is prepared describing the committee members' recommendations for changes. Both the House and the Senate must approve of the conference report. Step 12. Final Actions After a bill has been approved by both the House and Senate in dent approves of the legislation, he signs it and it becomes law. Congress is in session, the bill automatically becomes law. If the action after the Congress has adjourned its second session, it is Step 13. Overriding a Veto If the President vetoes a bill, Congress may attempt to "override the veto." This requires a two-thirds roll call vote of the members who are present in sufficient numbers for a quorum. identical form, it is sent to the President. If the PresiOr, if the President takes no action for ten days, while President opposes the bill he can veto it; if he takes no a "pocket veto" and the legislation dies.