Mercury,
January/February 2003 Table of Contents
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Courtesy
of Christine Klicka (STScI), inspired by William Blake's painting
The Ancient of Days. |
by
Mario Livio
For
some inexplicable reason, mathematics does an extraordinary job
of explaining the universe.
Many
outstanding physicists, most notably Albert Einstein, Eugene Wigner,
and James Jeans, remarked that mathematics appears to be just too
effective in explaining the universe. Wigner, in particular, wrote
a remarkable paper in 1960 titled "The Unreasonable Effectiveness
of Mathematics in the Physical Sciences." He wrote, "The
miracle of the appropriateness of the language of mathematics to
the formulation of the laws of physics is a wonderful gift which
we neither understand nor deserve."
We
may wonder, for example, why all the phenomena encompassed by electromagnetism,
from the behavior of electrons to the nature of light, can be explained
by a set of four differential equations known as Maxwell's equations.
Equally puzzling is the fact that some geometrical curves like the
ellipse, invented/discovered by the Greek mathematician Menaechmus
around 350 BC, were found 2,000 years later to describe the orbits
of planets around the Sun. Similarly, group theory proved to be
essential in the understanding of both the organization of elementary
(subatomic) particles, and the structure of solids. What is it that
makes mathematics fit the observable universe like a glove?
The
attempts to answer this question fall generally into two broad categories.
According to one view, mathematics is in some sense the actual "language"
of the universe. It exists independent of us humans, and we are
merely discovering it in the workings of the cosmos. Proponents
of this philosophy like to point out that even some of the more
esoteric areas of mathematics, such as non-Euclidean geometries,
were eventually found to provide cornerstones to cosmological models.
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