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by Andrew Fraknoi
(Foothill College)
Version 1.3; May 2008
©2008 Andrew Fraknoi. All rights reserved. E-mail: fraknoiandrew {at} fhda.edu.
This brief list is only an introduction to the study of astronomy in various cultures and is designed to help teachers, students, and members of the public learn more about non-traditional astronomies. Archaeoastronomy is the branch of archaeology that looks at the astronomical ideas and monuments of ancient cultures, and we include many resources from this field, as well as references to folklore and a few current issues. We cite only some resources that are of interest to non-specialists and educators. We welcome suggestions from our readers for additions to this guide, but note that technical monographs and journal articles will not be included.
Acknowledgements: I am very grateful to David Dearborn, Phil Sakimoto, Keivan Stassun, Cary Sneider, and Jarita Holbrook for suggesting and composing several entries for this list.
C. Resources about Specific Cultures
1.
Astronomy and People of Color in the U.S.
2. Astronomy of Native North American Cultures
3. Astronomy of Central America (Maya and Aztec) Cultures
4. Astronomy of South American Cultures (Inca, Nasca, etc.)
5. Astronomy of African Cultures
6. Astronomy of India
7. Astronomy of Ancient European Cultures
8. Astronomy of Islamic Cultures
9. Astronomy of Hawaiian, Polynesian, and Native Australian Cultures
10. Astronomy of Asian Cultures
Aveni, A. "Archaeoastronomy: Past, Present and Future" in Sky & Telescope, Nov. 1986, p. 456.
Aveni, Anothony Conversing with the Planets. 1992, Times Books. Celebrates the myths of many cultures; emphasizes the importance of seeing them in their own context.
Aveni, Anthony Empires of Time. 1989, Basic Books. A discussion of calendars, clocks, and cultures, with chapters on the Maya, Aztecs, Incas, Ancient Chinese, and several other early civilizations.
Aveni, Anthony Stairways to the Stars: Skywatching in Three Great Ancient Cultures. 1997, John Wiley. Focuses of the monuments and astronomy of the people who built Stonehenge, plus the Maya and the Inca.
Gleiser, Marcelo The Dancing Universe: From Creation Myths to the Big Bang. 1997, Dutton/Penguin. An exploration by a physicist of ideas from many cultures of how the universe came to be, including ancient legends and modern science.
Hadingham, Evan Early Man and the Cosmos. 1984, Walker & Co. A clear primer on the subject of ancient sites and the astronomical thinking of ancient cultures around the world.
Krupp, Edwin Beyond the Blue Horizon: Myths and Legends of the Sun, Moon, Stars, and Planets. 1991, HarperCollins. Superb collection of astronomical tales from many cultures. Best book to start with.
Krupp, Edwin Skywatchers, Shamans, & Kings: Astronomy and the Archaeology of Power. 1997, J. Wiley. Fine guide to sites around the world, written for beginners with humor and verve.
Krupp, Edwin Echoes of the Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Lost Civilizations. 1983, Harper & Row. An excellent introduction on the thoughts and monuments of earlier cultures.
Percy, John & Batten, Alan "Chasing the Dream: Astronomy in Developing Countries" in Mercury (the magazine of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific), Mar/Apr. 1995, p. 14. What is happening in the study of astronomy in third-world countries and how others can help.
Ruggles, Clive Ancient Astronomy: An Encyclopedia of Cosmologies and Myth. 2005, ABC-Clio. Mammoth A-Z compilation of the ancient knowledge of a wide range of cultures.
Sakimoto, Phil & Rosendhal, Jeff "Obliterating Myths About Minority Institutions" in Physics Today, vol. 98, #9, pp. 49-53 (September 2005). The authors, formerly the heads of NASA's space science education and public outreach program, offer some frank comments about the task of developing space science programs at minority colleges and universities.
Walker, Christopher, ed. Astronomy Before the Telescope. 1996, St. Martin's Press. 17 essays on how people observed and interpreted the sky before modern instruments.
Zeitlin, Steve The Four Corners of the Sky: Creation Stories and Cosmologies from Around the World. 2000, Henry Holt. Short book introducing and retelling the stories.
Ancient Observatories,
Timeless Knowledge (Stanford Solar Center):
http://solar-center.stanford.edu/AO/
An introduction to ancient sites where the movements of celestial objects were
tracked over the years (with a special focus on tracking the Sun.)
Astronomy Before History by Clive Ruggles and Michael Hoskin (from the Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy) -- a nice pdf file with a well-written introduction to ancient astronomy: http://assets.cambridge.org/052157/2916/sample/0521572916web.pdf
The Center for
Archaeoastronomy at the University of Maryland:
http://www.wam.umd.edu/~tlaloc/archastro/ Good site to learn more about
the serious study of the astronomical relics of ancient cultures; some parts
for the public, some for professionals in the field.
Cultural Astronomy
Web Exhibit:
http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/ Modules
and resources created with the assistance of Chicago's Adler Planetarium.
Indiana Jones
and the Astronomy of Yore:
http://www.astrosociety.org/education/publications/tnl/31/31.html Issue
of a newsletter on teaching astronomy, focusing on archaeaoastronomy.
An Introduction
to Archaeoastronomy (Clive Ruggles' 2003 Introductory Course Notes and Images
at the University of Leicester):
http://www.le.ac.uk/archaeology/rug/aa/a3015/index.html
Multicultural
Cosmology Education Resource Center at Pomona College:
http://www.astronomy.pomona.edu/archeo/intro.html
Bryan Penprase and his collaborators have made this useful introductory site,
which includes a world atlas of ancient astronomy, course outlines, a timeline
and links to other resources.
Solar Folklore
from the Stanford Solar Center:
http://solar-center.stanford.edu/folklore/ Myths and legends about the Sun
from cultures around the world.
Traditions of
the Sun:
http://www.traditionsofthesun.org/ The NASA Sun-Earth Connection Education
Forum site offers virtual visits to Mayan astronomical sites and Chaco Canyon
placed in appropriate historical, cultural, and scientific contexts.
Using Multicultural
Dimensions to Teach Astronomy:
http://www.astrosociety.org/education/publications/tnl/53/multicultural.html
Issue of a newsletter on teaching astronomy, with suggestions for classroom
activities and topics.
C. Resources about Specific Cultures
1. Astronomy and People of Color in the U.S.
Ferris, Jeri What Are You Figuring Now?: A Story about Benjamin Banneker. 1988, Carolrhoda Books. Children's book about 18th century black astronomer, mathematician, surveyor.
Oluseyi, H. & Urama, J. "Participation and Research of Astronomers… of Black African Descent (1900-2005)" in Holbrook, Jarita, ed. African Cultural Astronomy. 2008, Springer.
Price, J., et al. "American Minorities in Astronomy: Some Gains, A Long Way to Go" in Mercury, May/June 1995, p. 11. Multi-author report, with some poignant anecdotal notes.
Rall, Gloria "The Stars of Freedom" in Sky & Telescope, Feb. 1995, p. 36. On how slaves used songs with the Big Dipper to show them escape routes from the South.
Stassun, Keivan "Building Bridges to Diversity" in Mercury, May/June 2005, p. 20. The Chair of the Committee on the Status on Minorities in Astronomy for the American Astronomical Society discusses what could be done to increase the number of minority astronomers.
"Have Minorities Broken Astronomy's Glass Ceiling" -- a roundtable in Astronomy magazine, May 2003, pp. 55-58.
Committee on
the Status of Minorities (AAS) Web site:
http://csma.aas.org/ Discussions of and resources about minority issues
in the training of professional astronomers in the U.S.
Follow the Drinking
Gourd Educator's Guide (about how slaves used a song about the Big Dipper
to find their way North in the U.S.; note however, the next reference in our
list for some doubts about the modern song’s antiquity): http://www.rapides.k12.la.us/schooltech/david/UR/Educator%20Guide%201.doc
http://www.rapides.k12.la.us/schooltech/david/UR/Educator%20Guide%203%20Drinking%20Gourd.doc
Follow the Drinking
Gourd Website:
http://www.followthedrinkinggourd.org/
An amateur music scholar has researched the history of the song about the Big
Dipper more thoroughly and presents his work here.
2. Astronomy of Native North American Cultures
Canby, T. "The Anasazi: Riddles in the Ruins" in National Geographic, Nov. 1982, p. 554.
Carlson, J. "America's Ancient Skywatchers" in National Geographic, vol 177, #3, Mar 1990, p. 76.
Krupp, E. "Whiter Shade of Pale" in Sky & Telescope, July 2000, p. 86. A rock that looks like the Milky Way and was used in ceremonies by Native Americans in California.
MacDonald, John The Arctic Sky: Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore and Legend. 1998, Royal Ontario Museum. Astronomical stories and explanations from Northern Canada and Alaska, including a discussion of interpretations of the aurora.
Malville, J.M. & Putnam, Claudia Prehistoric Astronomy in the Southwest. 1993, Johnson Books. A nice introductory book about cultures and monuments in the Arizona area.
Maryboy, Nancy & David Begay Sharing the Skies: Navajo and Western Cosmos. 2006, Indigenous Education Institute & World Hope Foundation (available from amazon.com). An authoritative compilation by Navajo and Western astronomers of illustrations, stories, and observations of Navajo constellations coupled with stories from corresponding Greek constellations and Hubble Space Telescope images of objects found in that part of the sky. This is a kit that includes an audio CD, a small poster of the Dine Universe, and learning activities.
McLeary, Timothy The Stars We Know: Crow Indian Astronomy and Lifeways. 1997, Waveland.
Miller, Dorcas Stars of the First People: Native American Star Myths and Constellations. 1997, Pruett.
Monroe, Jean & Williamson, Ray They Dance the Sky: Native American Star Myths. 1987, Houghton Mifflin. Skylore from a number of tribes retold.
Williamson, Ray Living the Sky: The Cosmos of the American Indian. 1984, Houghton Mifflin/University of Oklahoma Press. The sky world of the Native Americans, through their tales and their observing sites.
Aboriginal Star Knowledge: Native American Astronomy: http://www.kstrom.net/isk/stars/starmenu.html
Exploratorium Chaco Canyon Site: http://www.exploratorium.edu/chaco/index.html
Meteors and
Native Americans (Gary Kronk):
http://www.amsmeteors.org/comets/meteors/metlegends.html
Solar Astronomy in the Pre-historic Southwest (P. Charbonneau, et al): http://www.hao.ucar.edu/education/archeoIndex.php
3. Astronomy of Central American (Maya and Aztec) Cultures
Aveni, Anthony "Emissaries to the Stars: The Astronomers of Ancient Maya" in Mercury, Jan/Feb. 1995, p. 15. (See the books by Aveni in the first section.)
Barnhart, Edwin "Reconstructing the Heavens: Archaeoastronomy and the Ancient Maya World" in Mercury, Jan/Feb. 2004, p. 20. The Mayan calendar, sky observations, and monuments.
Kurtz, P. "An Astronomer Reads Archeology's Message" in Astronomy, Oct. 2002, p. 48. Profile of Anthony Aveni, with a focus on his work on Mayan structures.
Milbrath, Susan Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars. 2000, University of Texas Press. Scholarly monograph.
Activity from NOVA to figure out your birthday in the Maya calendar (if you were born 1980 or after): http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/teachers/activities/pdf/2804_maya.pdf
Mayan Astronomy Page (Leslie Welser): http://www.starteachastronomy.com/mayan.html
The Maya Astronomy Page (Dawn Jenkins): http://www.michielb.nl/maya/astronom.html
Maya Exploration
Center (Dr. Edwin Barnhart):
http://www.mayaexploration.org/ Includes tours of sites, resources, interviews,
etc.
Mesoamerican Archaeoastronomy (James Jacobs): http://www.jqjacobs.net/mesoamerica/meso_astro.html
Venus and the Maya (David Rosenthal): http://www.ridgenet.net/~n6tst/maya/default.html
4. Astronomy of South American Cultures (Inca, Nasca, etc.)
Aveni, Anthony Between the Lines: The Mystery of the Giant Ground Drawings of Ancient Nasca, Peru. 2000, U. of Texas Press.
Aveni, Anthony Nasca: Eighth Wonder of the World? 2000, British Museum. (Available on line from several sources).
See many of the books in section A above
5. Astronomy of African Cultures
DeVries, Dan "Teaching Across Cultures" in Mercury, Jul/Aug. 2005, p. 12. A physicist recounts his experience teaching science in Botswana.
Doyle, Laurence and Frank, Edward "Astronomy of Africa" in Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Edited by H. Selin (2008, Springer)
Holbrook, Jarita, et al., eds. African Cultural Astronomy. 2008, Springer. A variety of papers with much useful information.
Schilling, G. "The Star-Pyramid Connection" in Mercury, Jul/Aug. 2001, p. 28. On the Egyptian pyramids and their astronomical orientation.
Snedegar, Keith "Ikhwezi is the Morning Star" in Mercury, Nov/Dec. 1997, p. 12. On African myths related to the sky.
The Dogon Tribe
and the so-called "Sirius Mystery":
http://www.ramtops.co.uk/dogon.html and http://chandra.harvard.edu/chronicle/0400/sirius_part2.html
Holbrook, Jarita
"African Astronomy":
http://www.wam.umd.edu/~tlaloc/archastro/ae28.html A brief overview of astronomical
ideas in African tradition. (Jarita Holbrook specializes in this area and keeps
the field updated at: http://www.u.arizona.edu/~holbrook/
)
Vowahsen, Andreas Cosmic Architecture in India. 2001, Prestel. On the astronomical and ceremonial observatories built by Jai Singh in the 17th & 18th centuries.
Astronomy of India (Leslie Welser): http://www.starteachastronomy.com/indian.html
7. Astronomy of Ancient European Cultures
Burl, Aubrey The Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland, and Brittany. 2000, Yale University Press. Detailed guide to Stonehenge and other ancient stone monuments.
Cunningham, Clifford "The Scottish Moon" in Mercury, Jul/Aug. 2006, p. 10. On the Callanish stones off the coast of Scotland their alignments with the motion of the Moon in the sky.
Gingerich, Owen "The Basic Astronomy of Stonehenge" in The Great Copernicus Chase. 1992, Cambridge U. Press. Uses a wonderful Coca-Cola can model to explain how the builders thought of the sky.
Krupp, E.C. "Inner Glow" in Sky & Telescope, Dec. 2004, p. 50. About the underground shrine at Newgrange, Ireland.
Maranto, G. "Stonehenge: Can It Be Saved?" in Discover, Dec. 1985, p. 60. On what tourism is doing to the ancient monument.
Zimmermann, L. "Heads and Tales of Celestial Coins" in Sky & Telescope, Mar. 1995, p. 28. On astronomical events depicted on Roman coins.
Archaeoastronomy
at Stonehenge:
http://witcombe.sbc.edu/sacredplaces/stonehenge.html (an art historian
examines Stonehenge from many perspectives, including the astronomical)
Stone Pages:
http://www.stonepages.com/ (Mammoth web catalog about European stone circles
and monuments, including Stonehenge and others with astronomy connections.)
8. Astronomy of Islamic Cultures
Ahmad, I. & Khalid Shaukat, S. "Muslim Moon Sightings" in Mercury, May/June 1995, p. 38. The Muslim calendar and sighting the first crescent moon.
Gingerich, Owen "Islamic Astronomy" in Scientific American, April 1986, vol. 254, p74.
Arab and Islamic
Astronomy (Leslie Welser):
http://www.starteachastronomy.com/arab.html
The Role of Astronomy in Islam (Dr. Shirin Haque-Copilah): http://moonsighting.com/articles/roleofislam.html
Records of Eclipses in Muslim Astronomy: http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=810
First Visibility of a Lunar Crescent Site (some easy, some technical): http://www.saao.ac.za/public-info/sun-moon-stars/moon-index/lunar-crescent-visibility/first-visibility-of-lunar-crescent/
9. Astronomy of Hawaiian, Polynesian, and Native Australian Cultures
Bryan, E.H. & Crowe, Richard Stars Over Hawaii, 2nd ed. 2002, Petroglyph Press (available from BasicallyBooks.com). An introduction to the stars as seen from Hawaii and their use as navigation aids in traditional Hawaiian voyaging.
Finney, Ben Hokule'a: The Way to Tahiti. 1976, Dodd Mead. An anthropologist describes recreating the voyages of the ancient Polynesians using the stars to navigate. Updated in his Sailing in the Wake of the Ancestors: Reviving Polynesian Voyaging. 2004, Bishop Museum Press.
Haynes, R. "Dreaming the Sky" in Sky & Telescope, Sep. 1997, p. 72. On the astronomical ideas in Australian aborigines culture.
Makemson, Maud The Morning Star Rises: An Account of Polynesian Astronomy. 1941, Yale University Press.
Introduction
to Maori Star Lore (New Zealand):
http://www.astronomynz.org.nz/maori-astronomy/taatai-arorangi-maori-astronomy-2.html
Polynesian Voyaging Society: http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/
10. Astronomy of Asian Cultures
Nakayama, Shigeru A History of Japanese Astronomy. 1969, Harvard University Press. From ancient times through the 19th century, with a look at Chinese influences.
Spitz, Anna "Visiting the Moon Lady" in Mercury, Jul/Aug. 2006, p. 24. On Chinese moon legends and how they continue to be used in cultural celebrations.
Chinese Astronomy:
http://www.chinapage.com/astronomy/astronomy.html (this site is potpourri
of all kinds of information)
The Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar (by Helmer Aslaksen of the National University of Singapore): http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/calendar/chinese.shtml
Copernicus in China (on the spread of Copernican ideas by Nathan Sivin of the University of Pennsylvania): http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~nsivin/cop.pdf
Japanese Star Lore: http://www2.gol.com/users/stever/jastro.html#Astro%20Lore
The Lunar Calendar in Japan: http://www2.gol.com/users/stever/calendar.htm
Bibliography
of Korean Astronomy:
http://www.hawaii.edu/korea/biblio/sci_astronomy.html
(This is a nice list of articles, but mostly in scholarly journals.)
Batten, Alan, ed. Astronomy for Developing Countries. 2001, International Astronomical Union. Published by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (www.astrosociety.org). Describes the many challenges of starting or continuing astronomy programs in countries without an extensive science infrastructure.
Bauer, Brian & Dearborn, David Astronomy and Empire in the Ancient Andes: The Cultural Origins of Inca Sky Watching. 1995, University of Texas Press. Scholarly exposition.
Ruggles, Clive & Saunders, Nicholas, eds. Astronomies and Cultures. 1993, University Press of Colorado. Papers about Chinese, Japanese, Islamic, and Mesoamerican cultures.
Ruggles, Clive, et al, eds. Songs from the Sky: Indigenous Astronomical and Cosmological Traditions of the World. 2005, Ocarina Books. Proceedings of a 1983 international conference on ethnoastronomy (OK, so it took a while to publish). 32 papers about the sky knowledge, folklore and art of cultures around the world.
Selin, Helaine, ed. Astronomy Across Cultures: The History of Non-western Astronomy. 2000, Kluwer. A series of scholarly articles on the ancient astronomical traditions and monuments of a wide range of cultures.
Williamson, Ray & Farrer, Claire, eds. Earth and Sky: Visions of the Cosmos in Native American Folklore. 1992, University of New Mexico Press. Collection of essays.
David Dearborn's bibliography of technical and nontechnical readings in archaeoastronomy can be found at: http://archaeology.about.com/od/archaeoastronomy/a/dearborn_bib.htm
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