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Электронная библиотека астронома-любителя. Книги по астрономии, телескопостроению, оптике.
Дата: 15 июля 1998 (1998-07-15)
От: Radik Serazetdinov
Тема:
Hello All.
=== Cut ===
Противоракетной обороны больше нет
Российская противоракетная оборона дала трещину
Запущенный 29 апреля 1998 года российский военный спутник "Космос-2350",
предназначенный для непрерывного наблюдения за районами базирования
стратегических ядерных ракет в центральной части США, перестал подавать
признаки
жизни. Это означает, что один из главных элементов поддержания
обороноспособности страны -- система предупреждения о ракетном нападении --
перестала выполнять свои функции.
Связь с "Космосом-2350" прервалась 6 июля. Министерство обороны сразу же
создало межведомственную комиссию, которой предстояло разобраться в причинах
аварии. Как стало известно Ъ, спустя неделю специалисты пришли к
неутешительному
выводу: спутник разгерметизировался, надежды на его дальнейшее использование
нет.
Так погиб последний из двух необходимых для надежной работы системы
предупреждения о ракетном нападении (СПРH) спутников, расположенных на
геостационарной орбите. До этого в конце прошлого года пришел в негодность
запущенный в августе 1997 года "Космос-2345".
Система предупреждения о ракетном нападении состоит из двух основных
компонентов: наземного (девять радиолокационных станций) и космического (два
эшелона спутников на геостационарной и высокоэллиптических орбитах).
Геостационарные спутники, неподвижно висящие над определенными точками
Атлантического океана, должны обеспечивать непрерывное круглосуточное
наблюдение
за районами в центральной части США, где размещены базы межконтинентальных
ядерных баллистических ракет.
Правда, у российских военных пока еще есть возможность хоть как-то обнаружить
ракетное нападение. Ее обеспечивают девять радиолокационных станций (РЛС),
расположенных в Печоре, Оленегорске и Ангарске (Россия), Скрунде (Латвия),
Барановичах (Белоруссия), Мукачево и Севастополе (Украина), Габале
(Азербайджан), Сары-Шагане (Казахстан), и летающие вокруг Земли
высокоэллиптические спутники "Око". Однако большинство РЛС находится за
пределами России и со временем наверняка перестанут существовать, а спутников
сегодня на орбите лишь пять из девяти необходимых. Кроме того, РЛС могут
обнаружить ракеты только на подлете, а высокоэллиптические спутники наблюдают
за
территорией потенциального противника не постоянно, а только когда находятся
непосредственно над его территорией. Именно поэтому еще в середине 80-х годов
было решено сделать ставку на геостационарные аппараты: предполагалось, что
семь
таких спутников будут круглосуточно контролировать всю поверхность Земли.
Однако осуществиться этим планам, видимо, не суждено никогда. Два
геостационарных спутника -- все, что из-за проблем с бюджетом могла себе
позволить Москва. Теперь же она лишилась и этого. Причем даже если средства на
СПРH когда-нибудь будут выделены, неизвестно, сможет ли российская армия
восстановить работоспособность системы.
Связано это с тем, что геостационарные спутники для СПРH делают на химкинском
HПО имени Лавочкина, которое в последнее время выпускает продукцию не лучшего
качества. Из восьми запущенных за последние 20 месяцев спутников, построенных
на
этом предприятии, пять потерпели аварию. Кроме двух "Космосов", это
межпланетная
станция "Марс-8", спутник "Купон" для создаваемой Центробанком системы связи
"Банкир" и аппарат оптико-электронной разведки 11Ф664 Главного разведуправления
Генштаба.
HПО им.Лавочкина было включено в перечень предприятий, которым гарантирован
оборонный заказ на 1999 год, однако вряд ли это изменит ситуацию к лучшему.
Руководство HПО в последнее время озабочено не повышением качества своей
военной
продукции, а поисками альтернативных источников финансирования. Предприятие,
например, занимается созданием лунохода для японских заказчиков и разрабатывает
проект "Будда". Последний предусматривает отправку на Луну двух аппаратов: один
доставит туда метровое изваяние Будды, а другой -- телеаппаратуру, которая
будет
передавать на Землю его изображение.
ВАЛЕРИЙ Ъ-БОГАТЫРЕВ
Коммерсант-Daily 15.07.98
=== Cut ===
Radik
Дата: 15 июля 1998 (1998-07-15)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: WDC-A R&S Launch Announcement 12953: FASAT-B, TIMSAT, TECHSAT, WESTPAC
Subject: WDC-A R&S Launch Announcement 12953: FASAT-B, TIMSAT, TECHSAT, WESTPAC
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
COSPAR/ISES
WORLD WARNING AGENCY FOR SATELLITES
WORLD DATA CENTER-A FOR R & S, NASA/GSFC
CODE 633, GREENBELT, MARYLAND, 20771. USA
SPACEWARN 12953
COSPAR/WWAS USSPACECOM NUMBER
SPACECRAFT INTERNATIONAL ID (CATALOG NUMBER) LAUNCH DATE,UT
FASAT-B 1998-043B 25395 10 JULY 1998
TIMSAT 1998-043C 25396 "
TECHSAT 1998-043D 25397 "
WESTPAC 1998-043E 25398 "
SAFIR 2 1998-043F 25399 '
[THESE ARE MICROSATELLITES, LAUNCHED ALONG WITH RESURS-O.]
DR. JOSEPH H. KING, DIRECTOR, WDC-A-R&S.
[PH: (301) 286 7355.
E-MAIL: KING@NSSDCA.GSFC.NASA.GOV
13 JULY 1998, 12:45 UT]
Further details will be in the next SPACEWARN Bulletin
Dr. Edwin V. Bell, II
_/ _/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/ Mail Code 633
_/_/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ NASA Goddard Space
_/ _/ _/ _/_/ _/_/ _/ _/ _/ Flight Center
_/ _/_/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ Greenbelt, MD 20771
_/ _/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/ +1-301-286-1187
ed.bell@gsfc.nasa.gov
SPACEWARN home page: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacewarn/
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 15 июля 1998 (1998-07-15)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: WDC-A R&S Launch Announcement 12952: RESURS-O
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
COSPAR/ISES
WORLD WARNING AGENCY FOR SATELLITES
WORLD DATA CENTER-A FOR R & S, NASA/GSFC
CODE 633, GREENBELT, MARYLAND, 20771. USA
SPACEWARN 12952
COSPAR/WWAS USSPACECOM NUMBER
SPACECRAFT INTERNATIONAL ID (CATALOG NUMBER) LAUNCH DATE,UT
RESURS-O 1998-043A 25394 10 JULY 1998
DR. JOSEPH H. KING, DIRECTOR, WDC-A-R&S.
[PH: (301) 286 7355.
E-MAIL: KING@NSSDCA.GSFC.NASA.GOV
10 JULY 1998, 17:30 UT]
Further details will be in the next SPACEWARN Bulletin
Dr. Edwin V. Bell, II
_/ _/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/ Mail Code 633
_/_/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ NASA Goddard Space
_/ _/ _/ _/_/ _/_/ _/ _/ _/ Flight Center
_/ _/_/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ Greenbelt, MD 20771
_/ _/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/ +1-301-286-1187
ed.bell@gsfc.nasa.gov
SPACEWARN home page: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacewarn/
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 15 июля 1998 (1998-07-15)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: WDC-A R&S Launch Announcement 12951: TUBSAT-N and TUBSAT-N1
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
COSPAR/ISES
WORLD WARNING AGENCY FOR SATELLITES
WORLD DATA CENTER-A FOR R & S, NASA/GSFC
CODE 633, GREENBELT, MARYLAND, 20771. USA
SPACEWARN 12951
COSPAR/WWAS USSPACECOM NUMBER
SPACECRAFT INTERNATIONAL ID (CATALOG NUMBER) LAUNCH DATE,UT
TUBSAT-N 1998-042A 25389 07 JULY 1998
TUBSAT-N1 1998-042B 25390 07 JULY 1998
[THE POST-LAUNCH NAME OF 1998-041A (PLANET-B) IS NOZOMI.]
DR. JOSEPH H. KING, DIRECTOR, WDC-A-R&S.
[PH: (301) 286 7355.
E-MAIL: KING@NSSDCA.GSFC.NASA.GOV
07 JULY 1998, 18:15 UT]
Further details will be in the next SPACEWARN Bulletin
Dr. Edwin V. Bell, II
_/ _/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/ Mail Code 633
_/_/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ NASA Goddard Space
_/ _/ _/ _/_/ _/_/ _/ _/ _/ Flight Center
_/ _/_/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ Greenbelt, MD 20771
_/ _/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/ +1-301-286-1187
ed.bell@gsfc.nasa.gov
SPACEWARN home page: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacewarn/
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 15 июля 1998 (1998-07-15)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: WDC-A R&S Launch Announcement 12950: Nozomi (aka Hope, aka Planet-B)
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
COSPAR/ISES
WORLD WARNING AGENCY FOR SATELLITES
WORLD DATA CENTER-A FOR R & S, NASA/GSFC
CODE 633, GREENBELT, MARYLAND, 20771. USA
SPACEWARN 12950
COSPAR/WWAS USSPACECOM NUMBER
SPACECRAFT INTERNATIONAL ID (CATALOG NUMBER) LAUNCH DATE,UT
PLANET-B 1998-041A 25383 03 JULY 1998
[THE NAME OF THE SPACECRAFT 1998-040A HAS NOW BEEN ASCERTAINED:MOLNIYA 3-49.]
R. PARTHASARATHY
FOR
DR. JOSEPH H. KING, DIRECTOR, WDC-A-R&S.
[PH: (301) 286 7355.
E-MAIL: KING@NSSDCA.GSFC.NASA.GOV
06 JULY 1998, 12:45 UT]
Further details will be in the next SPACEWARN Bulletin
Dr. Edwin V. Bell, II
_/ _/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/ Mail Code 633
_/_/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ NASA Goddard Space
_/ _/ _/ _/_/ _/_/ _/ _/ _/ Flight Center
_/ _/_/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ _/ Greenbelt, MD 20771
_/ _/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/_/ _/_/ +1-301-286-1187
ed.bell@gsfc.nasa.gov
SPACEWARN home page: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacewarn/
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 15 июля 1998 (1998-07-15)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: This Week On Galileo - July 13-19, 1998
Привет всем!
Вот, свалилось из Internet...
THIS WEEK ON GALILEO
July 13-19, 1998
Galileo spends this week preparing for its next encounter with Jupiter and
its moons. The encounter features the fifth close flyby of Jupiter's icy
moon Europa since the start of the Galileo Europa Mission. Encounter
activities are scheduled to start late Sunday night, July 19 (Pacific Time).
Before encounter begins, Galileo must complete the playback of data written
to its tape recorder during the spacecraft's previous passage through the
heart of the Jupiter system in early June. All of this data will be
overwritten by new science observations during the upcoming encounter.
Preparations for the next encounter include, regular maintenance on the
spacecraft's onboard tape recorder and propulsion system, and the
spacecraft's anomalous gyroscope is tested to keep track of how it is
performing. Finally, the spacecraft executes any final flight path
corrections required prior to the close Europa flyby.
This week's playback activities are designed to fill gaps in previously
returned data, select entirely new data, or re-process data with different
parameters. Science data from Europa, Jupiter and Io are returned this week.
Regional and global scale information on Europa is returned by the near
infrared spectrometer, and a mosaic of unexplored terrain near Europa's
terminator is returned by the spacecraft camera. Three other observations
returned by the near infrared mapping spectrometer were taken 16, 20, and 22
hours after the closest approach to Europa in early June. The spectrometer's
16, 20, and 22 hour observations will provide high resolution spectra that
is low in noise due to the fact that radiation noise decreases roughly in
proportion to the spacecraft's distance from Jupiter. These spectra will be
used to help identify non-ice components of the surface.
The spacecraft camera returns two observations of Io taken while the moon
was eclipsed from the sun by Jupiter. The third and fourth in a series, they
are designed to allow scientists to study the changes in Io's surface
temperature as the eclipse progresses. Toward the end of the week, the near
infrared spectrometer returns portions of two observations of Io's surface.
Included in these data is information that may lead to the discovery of a
newly formed hot spot on Io.
Finally, three observations of Jupiter, performed by the near infrared
spectrometer, are returned this week. All three observations will provide
information on the differences in temperature and composition that can be
found across Jupiter's cloud belts and cloud zones.
Don't forget about Galileo's next encounter, starting on Sunday night. In
fact, come back on Sunday for the return of Today on Galileo!!!!
For more information on the Galileo spacecraft and its mission to Jupiter,
please visit the Galileo home page:
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 15 июля 1998 (1998-07-15)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: Search For Life In Solar System Lecture On July 18
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MWOA
Mount Wilson Observatory Association
P.O. Box 70076, Pasadena, CA 91117
For Immediate Release
For more information contact: Bob Eklund, (310) 333-3478
Frank Carsey to Speak on Search for Life in Solar System
at Free Public Lecture, July 18 at Mount Wilson Observatory
In the first of a series of monthly public lectures at the Mount Wilson
Observatory, Frank Carsey of JPL will speak Saturday July 18 on "Exploring
Europa, Lake Vostok, and the Oceanic Geothermal Vents: A Research and
Development Program in the Search for Life in the Solar System."
The lecture will begin at 2:00 p.m. in the Observatory's Astronomical
Museum, directly across the access road from the 150-foot solar tower
telescope. Refreshments will be served beginning at 1:30. Designed for
the general public, this program is presented free of charge by the Mount
Wilson Observatory Association (MWOA) as a public service.
The talk discusses Jupiter's ice-covered moon Europa as a possible habitat
for marine life forms, with emphasis on similar habitats on the Earth -
specifically a large lake beneath the Antarctic ice and geothermal vents on
the sea floor. The currently available data strongly suggests that Europa has
a very deep liquid ocean beneath an icy crust some 2-10 km thick. An old deep
ocean covered with ice, on a planet suspected of volcanic activity, has
striking
similarities to sites on Earth -- specifically subglacial lakes such as Lake
Vostok in Antarctica and deep ocean geothermal vents such as are found off
Hawaii and the Pacific coast.
Clearly, the ability to robotically explore subglacial lakes and geothermal
vents
is required before staging a mission to Europa, and this talk will discuss the
science rationale and the engineering tasks of these three scientific
explorations.
Frank Carsey leads the science aspects of an in-situ instrument and systems
development project at JPL studying planetary ices and water bodies, with
emphasis on integrated studies of Europa, Lake Vostok, and undersea geothermal
vents. Dr. Carsey received the Ph.D. in Physics from UCLA in 1971 for
ultrasonic
studies in transition metals. He then took a position at the NOAA Wave
Propagation
Laboratory, during which his involvement in Earth sciences began. Participation
in
the University of Washington Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment (AIDJEX)
started
him looking at polar science matters, and he has been active in air-sea-ice
interactions since then.
The Mount Wilson Observatory is about 20 miles (approximately 45 minutes
driving
time) from the Angeles Crest Highway exit from the 210 freeway in La Canada-
Flintridge. Follow the Angeles Crest Highway (California route 2) for about
14 miles, then turn right at the "Mount Wilson" sign and follow the paved
county
road to the top of the mountain. Go through the gate marked "Mt. Wilson
Skyline
Park" and park in the large parking area, about 200 yards inside the gate. Walk
in on the Observatory access road (on the far left side of the parking lot)
about
1/4 mile to the museum.
Note: The U.S. Forest Service is currently requiring motorists parking in the
Mount Wilson area to display a "Forest Adventure Pass" on their cars. The
cost is $5.00 for a one-day pass or $30.00 for a season pass. It can be
purchased
at major sporting goods outlets (such as Sports Chalet) or at any Forest
Service
facility. Passes are usually sold on weekends at the Clear Creek Ranger
Station,
about halfway to Mt. Wilson where the Palmdale road branches off from the
Angeles
Crest Highway, and at the Red Box Ranger Station (where the side road to Mt.
Wilson
meets the Angeles Crest Highway). WE ADVISE ATTENDEES TO DISPLAY THIS PASS
INSIDE
THEIR WINDSHIELD TO AVOID POSSIBLE TICKETING BY THE FOREST SERVICE.
The Mount Wilson Observatory Association is a public-membership support
group for the Mount Wilson Observatory, a major astronomical research
facility. MWOA's purpose to help the public better understand the
Observatory's rich history and ongoing scientific programs. MWOA
volunteers serve as docents (tour guides) at Mount Wilson, and its
members are offered special opportunities to visit and use the
Observatory's astronomical facilities. For information about membership,
call Don Nicholson, MWOA President, at (310) 476-4413.
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 15 июля 1998 (1998-07-15)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: New NASA Facility Will Complete Worldwide Communications Coverage
Привет всем!
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Jennifer McCarter
Headquarters, Washington, DC July 13, 1998
(Phone: 202/358-1639)
Susan Hendrix
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
(Phone: 301/286-7745)
RELEASE: 98-122
NEW NASA FACILITY WILL COMPLETE WORLDWIDE COMMUNICATIONS COVERAGE
Guam Island will be the site for a ribbon-cutting ceremony on
July 15, 1998, to officially open a new terminal that will
effectively complete NASA's vital communications and data-
gathering support for NASA Earth-orbiting missions.
Providing global, full-time and real-time communications
support for NASA's Space Network customers, including the Space
Shuttle, International Space Station and Hubble Space Telescope,
the new ground terminal will be capable of communicating with
geosynchronous tracking and data relay satellites stationed out of
view of the existing Cacique and Danzante ground stations in White
Sands, NM. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD,
manages the overall system.
"NASA built the Guam ground station to significantly expand
the quantity and quality of services we provide to all our
customers," said Goddard's ground terminal project manager, Tom
Gitlin. Cost of funding the Guam station will be provided by
NASA's Space Network operations budget and mitigated in part by
the deactivation of the Canberra station.
The Guam Remote Ground Terminal was conceived after NASA's
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory suffered an onboard tape recorder
failure in March 1992, and required full-time, real-time
communications support. NASA established a limited capability
ground terminal in Canberra, Australia, in late 1993 to provide
continued support for the observatory's science mission. Goddard
project officials quickly realized that an enhanced ground station
was needed in the Pacific to better serve NASA's Space Network
customers who traverse the Indian Ocean area.
For more information, refer to NASA's Network Control Center
homepage on the Internet at: http://ncc.gsfc.nasa.gov
-end-
Hа сегодня все, пока!
=SANA=
Дата: 15 июля 1998 (1998-07-15)
От: Alexander Bondugin
Тема: New Mars Global Surveyor Image
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NEW MARS GLOBAL SURVEYOR IMAGE
A new image of Elysium Mons Volcano taken by the Mars Global Surveyor
spacecraft
is now available on the MGS website:
http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/msss/camera/images/7_10_98_elysium_rel/index.html
The image caption is below.
Ron Baalke
Mars Global Surveyor
Mars Orbiter Camera
Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) High and Low Resolution Images
SPO-2 Observations:
Elysium Mons Volcano
(A) [Image]
499 KByte JPG image
(A) Elysium Volcanic Region as seen by MOC on July 2, 1998. Volcano near top
center is Hecates Tholus--note bright clouds off its northeast flank.
Volcano near center is Elysium Mons; volcano toward lower right is Albor
Tholus. Red channel is MOC red wide angle image 40301, the blue channel is
MOC blue wide angle image 40302, and the green channel is synthesized by
averaging the red and blue bands. Image is an orthographic projection
centered at 24.85њN, 213.25њW. The scale at the center of the projection is
4.65 kilometers (2.9 miles) per pixel. North is up, illumination is from the
lower right.
(B) [Image]
1 MByte GIF image
(B) Mariner 9 view of Elysium Mons taken on October 16, 1972, at 11:37 a.m.
PST. This is a mosaic of images 676B01 and 676B02 (where the numbers before
the "B" refer to the Mariner 9 orbit on which the images were taken, the "B"
refers to the Mariner 9 high resolution camera, and the last two digits
indicate the image number on that orbit). North is up, illumination is from
the right. Reproduced in a simple cylindrical projection at a scale of 75
m/pixel.
(C) [Image]
736 KByte JPG image
(C) Anaglyph stereo image of Elysium Mons (use red filter for left eye),
constructed from Mariner 9 high resolution B-frame images. Two images were
taken 9 months apart by Mariner 9 in 1972 to provide this high-resolution,
stereoscopic view of the summit of Elysium Mons. The first image (134B31),
acquired on January 19, 1972, at 4:12 p.m. PST, was taken at a viewing angle
of 19њ from vertical, while the second image (676B01) was acquired on
October 16, 1972, at 11:37 a.m. PST. The image scale is roughly 80 m/pixel.
(D) [Image]
1.2 MByte GIF image
(D) Comparison of Elysium Mons summit and upper flanks with the summit and
flanks of Emi Koussi volcano in Chad on the continent of Africa. The Elysium
Mons picture is from Mariner 9, the Emi Koussi picture was taken by an
astronaut on Apollo 7 (Frame # 5-1621) in 1968. The two volcanoes show many
similarities. Both have an approximately circular caldera-- the central
crater at the summit-- with evidence of two caldera collapse events. Both
have deep channels incised into the caldera rim and upper flanks--the
channels developed as a result of faulting followed by lava which poured
through them. The two volcanoes are different in one important aspect,
however--water runoff (e.g., from rain) has formed many channels on the
lower flanks of Emi Koussi, but no such channels formed on Elysium Mons
(i.e., it never rained on Elysium Mons). This figure and further details on
the comparison of these two volcanoes were published by MOC Principal
Investigator Michael C. Malin, "Comparison of volcanic features of Elysium
(Mars) and Tibesti (Earth)," Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 88,
p. 908-919, 1977.
(E) [Image]
24 KByte GIF image
(E) Elysium Mons summit region. White box shows location of MOC narrow angle
image 40303 (below). Base map is U.S. Geological Survey Viking photomosaic
at 1:256 scale. North is up, illumination is from the left.
(F) [Image]
780 KByte GIF image
(F) MOC image 40303, shown at 25% of its original size. North is
approximately up, illumination is from the right. Resolution of picture
shown here is 21 meters (69 feet) per pixel. Image was received with bright
slopes saturated at DN=255.
(G) [Image]
733 KByte GIF image
(G) MOC image 40303, shown at 25% of its original size, same as above in
(F), except shown here with a box that indicates the location of the
full-resolution subframe shown below in (H).
(H) [Image]
244 KByte GIF image
(H) MOC image 40303 subframe of the Elysium Mons' southern caldera wall and
floor shown at full resolution (5.24 meters (17.2 feet) per pixel).
Illumination is from the right, north is approximately up.
You may need to adjust the images for the gamma of your monitor to insure
proper viewing.
Note: This MOC image is made available in order to share with the public
the excitement of new discoveries being made via the Mars Global Surveyor
spacecraft. The image may be reproduced only if the image is credited to
"Malin Space Science Systems/NASA". Release of this image does not
constitute a release of scientific data. The image and its caption should
not be referenced in the scientific literature. Full data releases to the
scientific community are scheduled by the Mars Global Surveyor Project
and NASA Planetary Data System. Typically, data will be released after a
6 month calibration and validation period.
Click Here for more information on MGS data release and archiving plans.
CAPTION
On July 4, 1998---the first anniversary of the Mars Pathfinder landing---
Mars Global Surveyor's latest images were radioed to Earth with little
fanfare. The images received on July 4, 1998, however, were very exciting
because they included a rare crossing of the summit caldera of a major
martian volcano.
Elysium Mons is located at 25њN, 213њW, in the martian eastern hemisphere.
As shown in Figure (A), above, Elysium Mons is one of three large volcanoes
that occur on the Elysium Rise-- the others are Hecates Tholus (northeast of
Elysium Mons) and Albor Tholus (southeast of Elysium Mons). The volcano
rises about 12.5 kilometers (7.8 miles) above the surrounding plain, or
about 16 kilometes (9.9 miles) above the martian datum-- the "zero"
elevation defined by average martian atmospheric pressure and the planet's
radius.
Elysium Mons was discovered by Mariner 9 in 1972. It differs in a number of
ways from the familiar Olympus Mons and other large volcanoes in the Tharsis
region. In particular, there are no obvious lava flows visible on the
volcano's flanks. The lack of lava flows was apparent from the Mariner 9
images, but the new MOC high resolution image--obtained at 5.24 meters (17.2
feet) per pixel--illustrates that this is true even when viewed at higher
spatial resolution.
Elysium Mons has many craters on its surface. Some of these probably formed
by meteor impact, but many show no ejecta pattern characteristic of meteor
impact. Some of the craters are aligned in linear patterns that are radial
to the summit caldera--these most likely formed by collapse as lava was
withdrawn from beneath the surface, rather than by meteor impact. Other
craters may have formed by explosive volcanism. Evidence for explosive
volcanism on Mars has been very difficult to identify from previous Mars
spacecraft images. This and other MOC data are being examined closely to
better understand the nature and origin of volcanic features on Mars.
The three MOC images, 40301 (red wide angle), 40302 (blue wide angle), and
40303 (high resolution, narrow angle) were obtained on Mars Global
Surveyor's 403rd orbit around the planet around 9:58 - 10:05 p.m. PDT on
July 2, 1998. The images were received and processed at Malin Space Science
Systems (MSSS) around 4:00 p.m. PDT on July 4, 1998.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Malin Space Science Systems and the California Institute of Technology built
the MOC using spare hardware from the Mars Observer mission. MSSS operates
the camera from its facilities in San Diego, CA. The Jet Propulsion
Laboratory's Mars Surveyor Operations Project operates the Mars Global
Surveyor spacecraft with its industrial partner, Lockheed Martin
Astronautics, from facilities in Pasadena, CA and Denver, CO.
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