A set of recent papers, many of which draw on data from NASAò??s Cassini spacecraft, reveal new details in the emerging picture of how Saturnò??s moon Titan shifts with the seasons and even throughout the day. The papers show how this largest moon of Saturn is a cousin ò?? though a very peculiar cousin ò?? of Earth.
ò??As a whole, these papers give us some new pieces in the jigsaw puzzle that is Titan,ò?? said Conor Nixon from NASAò??s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. ò??They show us in detail how Titanò??s atmosphere and surface behave like Earthò??s ò?? with clouds, rainfall, river valleys, and lakes. They show us that the seasons change, too, on Titan, although in unexpected ways.ò??
A paper led by Stephane Le Mouelic from the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) at the University of Nantes highlights the kind of seasonal changes that occur at Titan with a set of the best looks yet at the vast north polar cloud.
A newly published selection of images ò?? made from data collected by Cassiniò??s visual and infrared mapping spectrometer over five years ò?? shows how the cloud thinned out and retreated as winter turned to spring in the northern hemisphere.
Cassini first detected the cloud, which scientists think is composed of ethane, shortly after its arrival in the Saturn system in 2004. The first really good opportunity for the spectrometer to observe the half-lit north pole occurred December 2006. At that time, the cloud appeared to cover the north pole completely down to about 55ÒÀ north latitude. But in the 2009 images, the cloud cover had so many gaps that it unveiled to Cassiniò??s view the hydrocarbon sea known as Kraken Mare and surrounding lakes.
ò??Snapshot by snapshot, these images give Cassini scientists concrete evidence that Titanò??s atmosphere changes with the seasons,ò?? said Le Mouelic. ò??We canò??t wait to see more of the surface, in particular in the northern land of lakes and seas.ò??
In data gathered by Cassiniò??s composite infrared mapping spectrometer to analyze temperatures on Titanò??s surface, not only did scientists see seasonal change on Titan, but they also saw day-to-night surface temperature changes for the first time. The paper, led by Valeria Cottini from Goddard, used data collected at a wavelength that penetrated through Titanò??s thick haze to see the moonò??s surface. Like Earth, the surface temperature of Titan, which is usually a chilly ò??288ÒÀ Fahrenheit (ò??178ÒÀ Celsius), was significantly warmer in the late afternoon than around dawn.
ò??While the temperature difference ò?? 1.5 kelvins ò?? is smaller than what weò??re used to on Earth, the finding still shows that Titanò??s surface behaves in ways familiar to us earthlings,ò?? Cottini said. ò??We now see how the long Titan day (about 16 Earth days) reveals itself through the clouds.ò??
A paper by Dominic Fortes, an outside researcher based at University College London, England, addresses the long-standing mystery of the structure of Titanò??s interior and its relationship to the strikingly Earth-like range of geologic features seen on the surface. Fortes constructed an array of models of Titanò??s interior and compared these with newly acquired data from Cassiniò??s radio science experiment.
The work shows the moonò??s interior is partly or possibly even fully differentiated. This means that the core is denser than outer parts of the moon, although less dense than expected. This may be because the core still contains a large amount of ice or because the rocks have reacted with water to form low-density minerals.
Earth and other terrestrial planets are fully differentiated and have a dense iron core. Fortesò?? model, however, rules out a metallic core inside Titan and agrees with Cassini magnetometer data that suggest a relatively cool and wet rocky interior. The new model also highlights the difficulty in explaining the presence of important gases in Titanò??s atmosphere, such as methane and argon-40, because they do not appear to be able to escape from the core.