April 9, 2009
The first mirror segment that will fly on the James Webb Space Telescope, built by Northrop Grumman Corporation, has completed its first series of cryogenic temperature tests in the X-ray and Cryogenic Facility at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.
"We're excited that we can support the James Webb Space Telescope with our world-class cryogenic and X-ray telescope test facility," said Helen Cole, project manager for the Webb Telescope activities at Marshall. "The tests performed here are crucial to the success of the program, since they'll ensure the mirrors and components will be able to withstand the extreme cold temperatures of space."
The mirror segment is the first of 18 flight mirror segments that will be joined to make a giant, 21.3-foot (6.5-meter) diameter hexagonal mirror. The segments will be subject to temperatures of -414ÒÀ Fahrenheit (-212ÒÀ Celsius) in a 7,600 cubic foot (215 cubic meter) helium-cooled vacuum chamber at NASA Marshall.
Engineers will measure how the mirror changes shape going from room temperature to cryogenic (frigid) temperatures as the metal expands and contracts. They can model these changes to some extent, but not perfectly. The mirrors will be polished to about 100-nanometer (a human hair is approximately 60,000 to 120,000 nanometers) accuracy at room temperature, based on the expected changes. Then it will be cooled to cryogenic temperatures, and engineers will measure the mirror's surface, creating a "hit map" of unexpected changes.
"This is what we have done so far with the first flight mirror segment," said Jonathan Gardner, Webb Telescope deputy project scientist at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. "Now, engineers will warm it up and polish out the 'hit map' areas to get the mirror to 20-nanometer accuracy — a process which will take months. The mirrors then will be brought back down to cryogenic temperatures to verify the increased accuracy." In addition to this testing, engineers also did some "cryo cycling." That means going up and down in temperature (without polishing in between) to test the repeatability of the changes.
Since there are 18 mirror segments, each measuring about 4.9 feet (1.5 meters) in diameter, they will be tested in batches of six and chilled to cryogenic temperatures four times in a 6-week time span. It takes approximately 5 days to cool a mirror segment to cryogenic temperatures. All flight mirror tests are expected to be completed in June 2011. The Webb telescope is scheduled for launch in 2013.
Northrop Grumman is the prime contractor for the Webb Telescope, leading a design and development team under contract to NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
"It has taken years of intense effort for the Webb Telescope team to begin flight mirror cryotesting, and we're gratified that testing was successful," said Martin Mohan, Webb telescope program manager for Northrop Grumman's Aerospace Systems sector, Redondo Beach, California. "Along the way, we've had to invent entire manufacturing and measurement processes because no one has ever built a telescope this large that has to operate at temperatures this extreme."
The James Webb Space Telescope is the next-generation premier space observatory, exploring deep-space phenomena from distant galaxies to nearby planets and stars. The Webb telescope will give scientists clues about the formation of the universe and the evolution of our own solar system, from the first light after the Big Bang to the formation of star systems capable of supporting life on planets like Earth.