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Yasuda, N., Mizumoto, Y., Ohishi, M., O'Mullane, W., Budavári, T., Haridas, V., Li, N., Malik, T., Szalay, A. S., Hill, M., Linde, T., Mann, B., & Page, C. G. 2003, in ASP Conf. Ser., Vol. 314 Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XIII, eds. F. Ochsenbein, M. Allen, & D. Egret (San Francisco: ASP), 293

Astronomical Data Query Language: Simple Query Protocol for the Virtual Observatory

Naoki Yasuda1, Yoshihiko Mizumoto, Masatoshi Ohishi
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

William O'Mullane, Tamás Budavári, Vivek Haridas, Nolan Li, Tanu Malik, Alex Szalay
Johns Hopkins University, USA

Martin Hill, Tony Linde, Bob Mann, Clive Page
AstroGrid, UK

Abstract:

The Astronomical Data Query Language (ADQL) is a proposed standard query language for the interoperability of the International Virtual Observatory. The data servers in the International Virtual Observatory could be searched using an ADQL query. The servers would return VOTables as a result of the query.

1. The Virtual Observatory Query Language

Virtual Observatory Query Language (VOQL) is currently under discussion in the International Virtual Observatory Alliance (IVOA) forum. See
http://www.ivoa.net/twiki/bin/view/IVOA/IvoaVOQL. Current thinking is that VOQL has 3 layers as depicted below. ADQL and SkyNode constitute layer 1.

VOQL3 SkyXQuery
future XML-based query language.
VOQL2 Federation
SQL-like query language and federation system i.e. combination of SkyQuery, JVOQL and VO standards.
VOQL1 WebServices
ADQL and VOTABLE to exchange information between machines.

2. ADQL, SkyQL, and SkyNode

2.1 Astronomical Data Query Language (ADQL)

ADQL is the language for expressing queries against tabular data such as catalogs in the Virtual Observatory. The SkyNode (see below) specification proposes a standard way of passing this query. Since ADQL deals with tabular data it is appropriate for the result of such a query to be a Table. VOTable is an adopted standard of the Virtual Observatory, for providing tabular data. Hence we foresee the minimal requirement on servers that they provide results in VOTable. Other formats may also be offered by some nodes.

ADQL is passed as an XML document to the Query Interface. ADQL is based on a subset of SQL plus Region and XMatch. The only SQL command allowed in ADQL is a ``select''. We have adopted SQL like language as a first step since many astronomical data currently available are tabular data and they are stored in the relational databases. See the XSD and the current proposal specification for the complete structure of ADQL.

2.2 SkyQL

SkyQL is a string like representation of ADQL. Semantically SkyQL and ADQL are identical. Syntactically ADQL is XML and SkyQL is more human readable. For example, a simple SkyQL like


select t.*, b.*
from   Tab t, Bob b
where  t.g <> b.g and
       Region('Circle J2000 12.5 23.0 0.5')

will be converted to ADQL document of about 70 lines. This is why we might like a human readable SkyQL as well as the machine readable ADQL. Conversion between ADQL and SkyQL is automatic and sample converter applications are available .

2.3 XMatch

Cross matching between tables will be supported in Full SkyNode (higher level SkyNode). The service XMatch() takes an ADQL structure and a set of VOTables. An example of the SkyQL (which would be expressed in ADQL format) is


select ....
  from SDSS:PhotoObj o, EXT:0 my1, EXT:1 my2
  where XMatch(o,my1,my2) < 3

A Virtual Observatory Portal will be constructed on top of SkyNode's services to federate multiple data servers. One example of such a portal is the Open SkyQuery Portal which is an open version (not restricted on Microsoft Technology) of SkyQuery (http://www.skyquery.net). Further details are given in Budavári (2004).

2.4 SkyNode

All data servers joining the International Virtual Observatory would implement a standard IVOA SkyNode Interface based on SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) Web Services. See the current proposal specification.

The services of IVOA SkyNode are defined as WSDL (Web Services Definition Language). WSDL definition enables automatic code generation of Web Services e.g. Microsoft .NET or Apache Axis.

Currently two kinds of SkyNodes are proposed based on their features; Basic and Full. Basic SkyNode is the minimum IVOA SkyNode Interface. Full SkyNode supports advanced features like XMatch, QueryCost, Footprint and so on. The QueryCost service would take a simple ADQL query to return the object density per square degree for a set of criteria and the Footprint service would take a region specified in the region XML and return a new region which is the intersection of the survey and the given region.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by Grant-in-aid "Information Science" carried out by the MEXT (14019092 and 15017289).

References

Budavári et al. 2004, this volume, 177

Digital Equipment Corporation 1992, Database Language SQL,
http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/ shadow/sql/sql1992.txt

IVOA VOQL Working group, IVOA Astronomical Data Query Language - get latest from http://www.ivoa.net/twiki/bin/view/IVOA/IvoaVOQL

IVOA VOQL Working group, IVOA SkyNode Interface - get latest from
http://www.ivoa.net/twiki/bin/view/IVOA/IvoaVOQL



Footnotes

... Yasuda1
Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo

© Copyright 2004 Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 390 Ashton Avenue, San Francisco, California 94112, USA
Next: A Prototype toward Japanese Virtual Observatory (JVO)
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