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: http://www.adass.org/adass/proceedings/adass03/P1-29/
Дата изменения: Sun Sep 5 21:22:30 2004 Дата индексирования: Tue Oct 2 05:19:49 2012 Кодировка: Поисковые слова: п п п п п п п п п п п п п п п п п п п п п п п п п п |
On-line calibration consists of calibration operations that are performed to ensure that the ALMA system is and remains properly tuned to successfully execute the observing projects as they are scheduled. Many of these calibrations are to be reduced on a short time scale (0.5 second), so that the calibration results are made available to the observing process ( Control Subsystem) which, in those cases, is waiting for those to continue and acquire data.
Results are also used by the Scheduler, which needs to be kept informed, as the quality of the calibration is one of the main factors determining which project is best observed at a given time, and by the Executive Subsystem, to maintain a proper hardware quality control.
Results are displayed and used by the Quick Look Pipeline and stored in the Archive for further use in the Science Pipeline which will prepare the final science results.
On-line calibration is implemented by the Telescope Calibration Subsystem of ALMA Computing.
We outline here the main calibrations to be performed:
At frequent intervals (1-10 min), we need to compute
atmosphere-corrected system temperatures, to be used later, by the
quick-look and science pipelines, to scale raw data into antenna
temperature scale. These system temperatures need do be calculated
for every 
MHz frequency interval within the 8 GHz wide
instantaneous passband. At this occasion we compute also receiver
temperatures, optical depths, and other atmospheric parameters. The
actual calibration mode, including the hardware device being used, is
being planned by the Science team. This calibration needs previously
measured side band ratios as input.
We will also need specific measurements to calibrate the Water Vapour
Radiometers (WVR). From those we will derive path length correction
coefficients to be used in real time by the Correlator Subsystem to
apply an on-line path length correction to visibility data, at
s intervals, prior to integration.
Both calibrations will use the atmospheric library (ATM) developed at IEM (Madrid).
At regular intervals, phase calibrators (point sources) are
observed. This can be very frequent (
s) when the atmosphere
is not stable, e.g. when observing at high frequencies. For each
phase calibrator observation, we will measure the rms phase
fluctuations as a function of baseline length to qualify the
atmosphere, for instance by determining a seeing parameter. Using
the last few such measurements, we will determine a provisional
calibration curve, to be used by the Quick Look pipeline to prepare
an on-line display of the science result. The goal is also to compare
data with and without path length correction, in order to determine
the on-line path length correction validity, and refine empirically the
correction coefficients.
At less frequent intervals amplitude calibrators will be observed. On these we will measure antenna efficiencies as a quality check, to get an early warning on phase de-correlation, pointing or focus problems, receiver problems. Using the last few measurements, we will determine a provisional amplitude calibration curve (to be also used by the Quick Look pipeline). Also comparing data with and without applied path length correction will give information on the validity of the on-line path length correction.
Reference pointing will be needed at typically at 
min. intervals to obtain the required pointing accuracy
(
). These measurements will be made on point sources, at most
a few degrees from the target. We will use five-point, cross or
circular scanning, interferometer mode measurements to determine
collimation offsets for each antenna. Similar but less frequent
measurements will be used to determine focus offsets in axial
direction.
Sets of pointing measurements on sources in very different directions
will be used to determine the pointing model coefficients by means
of a least square fits. We may also determine quite frequently a
local pointing model, to be used for e.g. 
hours, as an
alternative to the more frequent reference pointing measurements.
Side-band ratios will need to be measured at regular intervals
(receiver re-tunings), even when the image sideband is separated or
rejected electronically, in order to determine the system
temperatures. This is essential e.g. for precision single-dish
spectroscopy. Measurements will use a strong continuum source in
interferometer mode; the ratios will be sampled at MHz
frequency intervals.
These less-frequent calibrations are needed whenever hardware connections are made (delays) or when antennas have been moved in the continuous array reconfiguration scheme. They use strong continuum sources in interferometer mode. The delay calibration need spectral information (with a resolution depending on the delay errors; The antenna position calibrations need a number of sources across the visible sky.
The following table summarizes the interfaces between on-line calibration and the other parts of ALMA Software:
Science requirements, in particular in the area of calibration, will still evolve in the near future, as the calibration plan is still being finalized, as for instance the best use of water vapour radiometry and of fast-phase referencing can only be determined after first on-site testing. As a consequence the developers will work in close collaboration with the Science team. In the mean time tests of the calibration software will proceed using both simulated data and data from the antenna prototypes.
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