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: http://www.adass.org/adass/proceedings/adass02/P3-7/
Дата изменения: Thu Mar 13 02:47:28 2003 Дата индексирования: Tue Oct 2 04:39:46 2012 Кодировка: Поисковые слова: trifid nebula |
The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer ( FUSE) employs two
microchannel plate (MCP), double-delay line detectors on which up to
six individual spectra are simultaneously projected. Segment 1A of
detector 1 is shown in Figure 1. The horizontal and
vertical lines are shadows cast by the quantum efficiency (QE) and
plasma grid wires suspended above the detector and illuminated by an
on-board stimulation or ``stim'' lamp. In addition to the large scale
distortions caused by the detector electronics, the distortion map
clearly shows an pixel periodic distortion running
vertically across the detector, which is due to the differential
non-linearity (DNL) of the detector electronics.
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The fundamental idea behind wavelets is to analyze according to scale (see e.g., Chui 1992). Wavelets are functions that satisfy certain mathematical requirements and are used in representing data or other functions. This idea is not new. Approximation using superposition of functions has existed since the early 1800's, when Joseph Fourier discovered that he could superpose sines and cosines to represent other functions. However, in wavelet analysis, the scale that one uses in looking at data plays a special role. Wavelet algorithms process data at different scales or resolutions. If we look at a signal with a large ``window,'' we would notice gross features. Similarly, if we look at a signal with a small ``window,'' we would notice small discontinuities. The result in wavelet analysis is to ``see the forest and the trees.''
For many decades, scientists have wanted more appropriate functions to approximate choppy signals than the the sines and cosines that comprise the bases of Fourier analysis. By their definition, these functions are non-local (and stretch out to infinity), and therefore do a very poor job in approximating sharp spikes. With wavelet analysis, we can use approximating functions that are contained neatly in finite domains and hence, well-suited for approximating data with sharp discontinuities. The wavelet analysis procedure is to adopt a wavelet prototype function, called an ``analyzing wavelet'' or ``mother wavelet.'' The original signal or function can be represented in terms of a wavelet expansion (using coefficients in a linear combination of the wavelet functions), data operations can be performed using just the corresponding wavelet coefficients.
A wavelet approach was chosen for determining the two dimensional
geometric distortions, because wavelet methods are typically quite
efficient, which is important when dealing with large images, such as
those produced by FUSE. Our approach is similar to that of Starck &
Murtagh (1994) and uses a B-spline of degree 3 (B-spline) for our
``mother wavelet.'' The B
-spline leads to a convolution with a
kernel in two-dimensions.
At the smallest wavelet scale, the image mostly contains noise, and a
B-spline does a good job at producing a smoothed image without
degrading the resolution. The B
-spline at the next larger scale
is a good approximation to the cross-section of the grid wire shadows,
which results in the shadow minimum being well localized in the low
signal-to-noise data. Once the shadow's minimum is known, it is easy
to trace the grid wire from one end to the other. The distortion is
then just the difference in position of the measured minimum and the
true minimum, which we approximate by assuming the grid wires are
straight.
In the case where two wires are close together and their shadows start
to merge (see Figure 1), we use a modified
B-spline. We pad either end of the kernel with one or more zeros
to bias the wavelet in that direction. This modified wavelet enhances
one side of the shadow in relation to the other and enables us to bias
our trace toward one wire or the other.
Figure 2 shows segment 1A after correcting for the geometric distortion. The corrected image is nearly perfectly rectangular and the grid wires are evenly spaced. We have also aligned the six spectra across the two segments of each detector and removed the large scale wavelength distortions.
Some notable features of the wavelet method outlined here are: 1) the
sensitivity to distortions on scales of pixels, 2) the sub-pixel
accuracy of the distortion map after smoothing is applied, and 3) the
ability to deconvolve and trace two wires whose shadows are nearly
merged.
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Chui, C. K. 1992, An Introduction to Wavelets (Boston: Academic Press)
Stark, J.-L. & Murtagh, F. 1994, A&A, 288, 342