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The Astronomical Observation Template (AOT) P32 was one of the observational modes (Heinrichsen, Gabriel, Richards, & Klaas 1997) defined for the instrument ISOPHOT (Lemke et al. 1996) on board the Infrared Space Observatory ( ISO; Kessler et al. 1996). It tried to solve the question of observing extended structures with large detector pixels in the far infrared by a high sky registration and redundancy. The non-linear response of the Ge:Ga detectors affects the calibration of such a mode to a large extent, making the correction of those transient effects one of the most difficult tasks in the ISOPHOT data analysis.
Obtaining photometric maps of extended sources in the far infrared
(50-200m) is challenging because of the typical large sizes of the
detector pixels involved in addition to
the diffraction effects in this wavelength regime. The ISOPHOT detector arrays
used in the far infrared were PHT-C100 (a 3
3 array of 46$^$
46$^$) and PHT-C200 (a
2
2 array of 92$^$
92$^$). Mapping in a finite
time with a good (Nyquist) sampling therefore requires special observation
techniques.
In addition to using ISOs capability of performing raster observations and
the array structure of ISOPHOT's long wavelength detectors,
the Astronomical Observation Template P32 used the focal plane chopper of
ISOPHOT to rapidly modulate the satellite effective pointing, in steps of
a third of the detector pixel pitch, on timescales ranging down to
0.15sec. The result is very good sky registration, with the
oversampling and redundancy necessary for the best achievable spatial
resolution.
The chopper deflection is up to arcsec in the Y-spacecraft direction, in
15 and 30arcsec steps respectively for the C100 and C200 detectors. The
arrays are on the Y-Z spacecraft plane and the total number of positions seen by
a chopper sweep is
therefore 13 for C100 and 7 for C200. Every sky position is therefore registered
three times in the Y-spacecraft direction within a chopper cycle
by a detector pixel and its neighbour pixels. The raster steps in Y and Z
directions (with different user defined oversampling factors) also ensure
a uniform coverage and high redundancy.
The ISOPHOT C200 (Ge:Ga stressed) and especially the C100 (Ge:Ga)
photoconductor detectors have a complex non-linear response as a function of
illumination history
on timescales of 0.1-100sec, depending on the absolute flux level as
well as the flux changes involved (Acosta, Gabriel, & Castañeda 2000). The P32 observation mode, with
its high
frequency flux modulation, as described above, is in principle always in
a non-stabilized state. Under- and overshooting signal effects, caused by
a short term ``hook'' response, complicate
the calibration of observations performed in this mode.
This package, originally developed at Max-Planck Institut für Kernphysik by one of us, is a collection of IDL routines, which:
A complete set of diagnostic plots, images, and text information is produced, which enables the user to assess the quality and reliability of the data treatment.
The signal to every time is given by the sum of two components:
with a slow
and a fast
part:
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(1) |
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(2) |
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(3) |
The ``default'' parameters determination was performed using
P32_Tools is already giving very good results, both for point sources and extended objects, although it is still in a testing and enhancement phase.
The nature of the problem, together with the fact that disturbances from cosmic ray hits are difficult to handle in an automatic way in this observation mode, require highly interactive work on the data.
P32_Tools has been fully integrated within PIA (Gabriel, Acosta-Pulido, Heinrichsen, Morris, & Tai 1997; Gabriel & Acosta-Pulido 1999) for a better and easier access to all the capabilities already given. This also allowed us to make use of PIA's graphical data handling. Graphical menus for driving processing and parameter handling, display of results and information were specially developed, but wide use is made of already existent PIA tools.
P32 observations of the Crab Nebula have been preliminarily reduced with the
P32_Tools package. These observations were performed with the aim of trying
to understand
the origin of the ``InfraRed Bump'' discovered by IRAS. A comparison of the
obtained images at 60 m and 100
m using the default PIA processing
(Figure 1), and the ones
obtained using the P32_Tools package (Figure 2) show a remarkable
improvement in angular resolution, indicating that the ``Infrared Bump''
probably arises from
compact line emitting structure superposed on the smooth synchrotron emission.
There is a good correlation between the drift corrected P32 maps and
an [O III]5007 emission map of the Crab Nebula taken with the Goddard
Fabry-Perot Imager
(Lawrence et al. 1995). The P32 maps are largely tracing
oxygen. Prominent oxygen fine structure emission lines are present in
the nebula at 52
m
([O III]), 63
m ([O I]) and 88
m ([O III]), as observed by the
spectra taken with
the ISO-LWS spectrometer in both wavelength regions covered by the
ISOPHOT
C100 60
m and 100
m broadband filters.
Acosta-Pulido, J. A., Gabriel, C., & Castañeda, H. 2000, Experimental Astronomy 10, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 333-346
Gabriel, C., Acosta-Pulido, J., Heinrichsen, I., Morris, H., & Tai, W.-M. 1997, in ASP Conf. Ser., Vol. 125, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems VI, ed. G. Hunt & H. E. Payne (San Francisco: ASP), 108
Gabriel, C. & Acosta-Pulido, J., 1999, ESA SP-427, 73
Heinrichsen, I., Gabriel, C., Richards, P., & Klaas, U. 1997, ESA SP-401
Kessler, M. F., et al. 1996, A&A, 315, L27
Lawrence, S. S., et al. 1995, AJ, 109, 2635
Lemke, D., et al. 1996, A&A, 315, L64