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Дата изменения: Wed Oct 11 05:15:53 2000 Дата индексирования: Tue Oct 2 06:26:12 2012 Кодировка: |
The detector bias levels in the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) are very sensitive to small (0.1 K) changes in temperature. The NICMOS on-chip readout amplifiers are frequently switched on and off before, during, and after an observation. Therefore the level of heat input to the detectors is often changing, which results in bias drifts during an exposure. This has the effect of leaving a residual bias signal in the data after subtraction of the first image in a set of non-destructive readouts that comprise a typical NICMOS exposure (known as a ``Multiaccum'' exposure). Each quadrant of the NICMOS detectors is read by a separate amplifier, therefore the residual bias signal level can vary from quadrant to quadrant, but appears to be constant within a given quadrant.
The presence of this residual bias signal has several deleterious effects on the data. First, because the bias drifts can be non-linear with time, a series of non-destructive readouts can be left with an apparently non-linear accumulation of source counts as a function of time, leading to incorrect photometry (see Figure 1). Second, automated NICMOS data processing procedures reject cosmic-ray hits in a series of readouts by identifying outliers from a linear fit to the accumulating counts in each image pixel. If the accumulation of signal is not linear, these schemes fail to produce reliable results. Finally, because the residual bias signal is spatially constant within each image quadrant, application of a flat field frame introduces a residual flat field pattern in processed images (see Figure 2). This limits the ability to detect and measure photometry for faint sources.
A set of software tools has been developed in the IRAF/STSDAS environment to address these problems. The list of tasks that are available in the STSDAS nicmos package is shown in Table 1. The mosdisplay, pstack, pstats, and sampinfo tasks are intended for data analysis and examination only. They are useful for examining data sets for the presence and magnitude of residual bias effects. The tasks biaseq and pedsky apply corrections for different types of residual bias effects and are discussed in more detail in the following sections. As explained below, these tasks are designed to accept as input data sets that have been only partially processed through various stages of the routine pipeline processing task calnica. The nicpipe task offers a convenient and automatic way for users to prepare and run data sets through these processing stages.
The biaseq task is designed to remove any non-linear changes in bias level from readout to readout within a Multiaccum exposure sequence. The task takes as input a partially-processed Multiaccum exposure, where the data in all readouts has been dark-subtracted and corrected for non-linear detector response, but has not been flat fielded. It estimates the average count rate per pixel in the observation by combining a user-selected subset of readouts. Residuals images are formed by subtracting the average count rate image from each readout. The median within each quadrant of the residual images is computed and subtracted from each readout in order to force the sequence to have linearly-accumulating signal as a function of exposure time. The output from the task is a new Multiaccum file with corrected readouts. An example of the uncorrected and corrected accumulating counts from a source is shown in Figure 1.
After combining the corrected readouts of a Multiaccum exposure sequence,
there may still be a net linear bias term present in the combined image.
This residual bias is often referred to as a ``pedestal'' signal.
The pedsky task is designed to measure and remove this signal from a
single, combined image.
It accomplishes this by assuming that the total signal in a pixel that does
not contain contributions from an astronomical source can be expressed as
(1) |
(2) |
All of the tasks discussed here have been initially written as IRAF cl scripts, using other standard IRAF/STSDAS image arithmetic tasks to accomplish their work. Several of these are currently being converted to native IRAF tasks, written in the C language. The main benefit of this is to increase the speed of the existing algorithms. Also, during the process of rewriting the tasks, new and more flexible algorithms are being added to the tasks, thus increasing their utility.
Most importantly, the pedsky task, as currently implemented, relies on the presence of blank sky regions within images to perform it's corrections. Therefore this task is not applicable to images of crowded fields or very extended targets. Algorithms to measure the residual bias in these types of images have been developed and will be made available as IRAF tasks in the STSDAS nicmos package. These algorithms utilize user-selectable spatial filtering techniques to measure the residual flat field pattern in an image depending on the source content of the image. While the pedsky task essentially measures the flat field residual on all spatial scales, the filtering algorithms can be tuned to confine these measurements to small spatial scales only, where the natural pixel-to-pixel variations in signal due to source structures are greatly reduced or eliminated.
More information about the NICMOS ``pedestal'' problem and correction techniques can be found in the NICMOS chapters of the HST Data Handbook and in the STScI NICMOS Data Anomalies web pages. Information specific to the techniques for extended source or crowded-field images can be found here.