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The end of the ISO mission (Kessler et al. 1996) in April 1998 due to Helium boil-off
does not mean the end of the scientific work
related to the data gathered by the scientific instruments on board. This is
true for all four ISO instruments. ISOPHOT (Lemke et al. 1996), the
imaging spectrophotopolarimeter of
the mission, covered the full ISO wavelength range (2.5-240 m) and was
composed of several sub-instruments.
The main software tool for data analysis used both for
calibrating ISOPHOT as well as for producing scientific results is the
ISO PHOT Interactive Analysis (PIA), referred to in several
earlier ADASS conferences (Gabriel et al. 1997a, 1997b, 1997c;
Gabriel, Acosta-Pulido, & Heinrichsen 1998), in which different aspects of
this package and
its development were presented. PIA is entirely based on the
Interactive Data Language (IDL). The ISO Data Centre at Villafranca,
Spain, the
central institution for maximising exploitation of the ISO data of a
network of data
centres in Europe and the USA, is also responsible for the further
development and maintenance of PIA.
The PIA capabilities were increased continuously during and after the operational phase of the ISO mission. One of the main reasons for the continuing development is due to the feedback received from astronomers in the more than 150 scientific institutes around the world. The other reason is due to the deeper understanding of the very complex ISOPHOT instrument and all its different operation modes by the ISOPHOT instrument experts, who are steadily increasing the reliability and accuracy of the calibration (Schulz et al. 1999; Klaas et al. 1997). The continuous improvement is reflected in new releases of the package which are freely distributed to the users via the PIA homepage. The homepage also contains documentation, help libraries, publications on PIA, FAQs, a mailbox for receiving bug reports, comments, etc.
Here we will concentrate only on the latest improvements related to mapping with PIA. A very recent article (Gabriel & Acosta-Pulido 1999) summarizes the most important enhancements of PIA in the last year.
A detailed description of the different ISOPHOT mapping modes can be found in the ISOPHOT Observer's Manual (Klaas et al. 1994) while the basic mapping capabilities of PIA are described in Gabriel et al. 1997c.
ISOPHOT performs mapping for all the different
detector subsystems, namely, the single pixel photometers (P1, P2, P3)
in the range
2.5-100 m with a variable aperture diameter(5
-180
), the far infrared
detector arrays C100 (a 3 x 3 array with a pixel size of
43.5
43.5
) and
C200 (a 2 x 2 array with a pixel size of
89.4
89.4
)
in the range 50-240
m, and the spectrometer grating array with
128 pixels in
the range 2.5-11.7
m with an entrance aperture of
24
24
.
Mapping was done basically using the raster capability of the ISO spacecraft. Distances between raster legs and raster points were freely specified (under certain restrictions) leading to different oversampling factors. For the C100 and C200 long wavelength detector arrays, the observer could also take advantage of the chopper for increasing the spatial resolution in a special observing mode. The spacecraft's jitter during a raster observation adds a further complication. The measurements of single sky positions are therefore not regularly gridded, and the spatial resolution is a complex function of all the elements mentioned above as well as the wavelength of the filter which was used.
PIA offers different methods for obtaining a map from an observation which are included in the general mapping GUI which are summarized below.
The contribution of the signal to a map pixel is calculated using the overlap area of beam and map pixel. Co-adding the information from the different beams into an image element results in a smearing trapezoidal function which depends on the distance between beam center and center of the computed map pixel. This has the benefit of smoothing the noise but the disadvantage of reducing the probability of observing point sources with low signal to noise ratios.
Both methods 2) and 3) achieve higher spatial resolution but increase the noise. Although this statement is qualitatively clear, it is not easily quantified. Only detailed simulations, which take into account the very different possibilities for mapping with the diverse ISOPHOT sub-instruments and observing modes, can give an answer. These studies have already started and will be conducted in the near future together with the analysis of real data for statistical comparisons of the results achieved by the different algorithms.
Footprint matrices have been established for the ISOPHOT filters, by folding the corresponding point spread function with the optical aperture. Their validity has been confirmed by comparison with data from very detailed raster scans. The establishment of the footprint matrices make possible a reliable deconvolution of the maps by using deconvolution techniques such as the Maximum Likelihood Method or the Maximum Entropy Method.
Since the application of deconvolution techniques requires a high level of interaction for judging the obtained results, PIA has included a GUI for deconvolution. Using this GUI, the different deconvolution methods can be chosen, the footprint matrix used can be displayed, initial parameters for the deconvolution can be changed, and the results can be inspected.
Gabriel, C., & Acosta-Pulido, J. 1999, Proc. of The Universe as Seen by ISO, (ESA SP-427), ed. P. Cox & M. Kessler, in press
Gabriel, C., Acosta-Pulido, J., & Heinrichsen, I. 1998, in ASP Conf. Ser., Vol. 145, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems VII, ed. R. Albrecht, R. N. Hook, & H. A. Bushouse (San Francisco: ASP), 165
Gabriel, C., Acosta-Pulido, J., Heinrichsen, I., Morris, H., & Tai, W.-M. 1997a, in ASP Conf. Ser., Vol. 125, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems VI, ed. G. Hunt & H. E. Payne (San Francisco: ASP), 108
Gabriel, C., Acosta-Pulido, J., Kinkel, U., Klaas, U., & Schulz, B. 1997b, in ASP Conf. Ser., Vol. 125, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems VI, ed. G. Hunt & H. E. Payne (San Francisco: ASP), 112
Gabriel, C., Heinrichsen, I., Skaley, D., & Tai, W.-M. 1997c, in ASP Conf. Ser., Vol. 125, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems VI, ed. G. Hunt & H. E. Payne (San Francisco: ASP), 116
Kessler, M. F., et al. 1996, A&A, 315, L27
Klaas, U., Krüger, H., Heinrichsen, I., Heske, A., Laureijs, R. (ed.), 1994, ISOPHOT Observer's Manual, ISO Data Centre
Klaas, U., et al. 1997, Proc. of the First ISO Workshop on Analytical Spectroscopy, (ESA SP-419), ed. A. Heras, K. Leech, N. R. Trams, & M. Perry, 113
Lemke, D., et al. 1996, A&A, 315, L64
Schulz, B., et al. 1999, Proc. of The Universe as seen by ISO, (ESA SP-427), ed. P. Cox, & M. Kessler, in press