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D. Van Stone, M. Garcia, J. McDowell
Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138
Our goal was to recreate the algorithms used by the Level One
Processing to create exposure masks and background maps for Einstein
Image Proportional Counter (IPC) data (cf. sections 2.5 and 2.7 of
Harnden et al. 1984). Although these images have not been archived on
CD-ROMs, the aspect and original background image information have
been. From this information, one can either recreate the original
background images, or recalculate and create exposure masks and
background maps from within IRAF. Special consideration is given to
extend the background map algorithm to work on the Einstein unscreened
IPC images
.
The aspect information for an image contains a timeline of the aspect solution for the duration of the observation. The exposure mask is simply the sum of multiple images, where each image is the result of applying an aspect solution to the IPC geometry, weighted by that aspect's duration. This algorithm does not attempt to correct for vignetting.
For each set of aspect data and duration, an exposure mask is created by
looking at each pixel in the final exposure mask, and finding the pixel in
detector coordinates by de-applying aspect, and seeing that if the detector
coordinates lie within the IPC
geometry, add duration of aspect data to the image pixel.
Figure: The Einstein unscreened IPC image for sequence I5803, along
with its exposure mask created by the EINTOOLS task exp_make.
Original PostScript figures
(393 kB),
(41 kB)
The main idea behind the background map algorithm is that the background for an individual image can be modeled as some combination of blank field (``deep survey'') images and flat field (``bright Earth'') images. The reason that the blank field image by itself is not a sufficient model is that each image (including the blank field) has a variable amount of particle induced and/or stray light background. Our algorithm accounts for this by including some (possibly negative!) amount of flat field data in the model background.
We assume that the blank field rate is constant over time, and thus the normalization we use for the deep survey image is based solely on the duration of the exposure. The normalization for the bright Earth image is set so that the total number of background counts (excluding sources) in the model is the same as those in the image, as determined by the following relation:
Note that the background map algorithm does not explicitly take into account internal or particle induced background.
The algorithm used to create a background map is as follows:
(1) calculate counts in the image due to sources (SRC_CNTS);
(2) calculate counts in deep survey and bright Earth
maps (DS_CNTS & BE_CNTS); then
(3) for each set of aspect data and duration:
The algorithm used to calculate the number of counts for each source in
the image is; (1) calculate total counts in the source circle and in the
background annulus
(TOT_CNTS & BG_CNTS); (2) calculate the area in the source circle and in
the background annulus
(SRC_AREA & BG_AREA), and (3) compute the counts attributable to this
source by the relation:
where CCC, the circle composite correction, is defined as the product
The user can generate a list of sources by using the PROS task LDETECT.
Our background map algorithm works best if the internal (particle
induced) background is small, at a constant rate, and uniform over the
field. In order to make this true, we must exclude the regions of very
high internal background on the edges of the detector from the
calculation of the normalization. This exclusion
is performed with the bright edge filter
on QPOE files and the bright edge region
on the deep survey and bright Earth images.
The new PROS package EINTOOLS contains tasks for creating exposure masks and background maps for any Einstein IPC QPOE file. One can also create the original Level One Processing background maps using the bright Earth and deep survey factors from the original processing. The tasks allow the user to screen on any time filter, produce background maps for any (possibly nonstandard) PI range, and create exposure masks of any specified resolution.
This package will be available in the next major release of PROS. It is our hope that some of the data structures created for this package (such as a generic time-resolved aspect table) will be used in future programs generating exposure masks or background maps.
Figure: The figure to the left is the broad band background map for
the Einstein unscreened IPC
image I5803, created by the EINTOOLS task bkfac_make. The figure to
the right is the original Level One Processing background map created
by the EINTOOLS task be_ds_rotate.
Original PostScript figures
(362 kB),
(137 kB)
The PROS project is partially supported by NASA contracts NAS5-30934 (RSDC) and NAS8-30751 (Einstein).
McDowell, J., Plummer, D., Prestwich, A., Manning, K., Van Stone, D., & Garcia, M. 1994, The Einstein Observatory IPC Unscreened Data Archive, CD-ROM Volumes 0--18, (Cambridge, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory)
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