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Дата изменения: Fri Oct 16 17:12:24 2015
Дата индексирования: Sat Apr 9 22:31:45 2016
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  1. INTRODUCTION
  2. IONOSPHERIC DIGITAL DATABASE ON CD
  3. IONOSPHERIC DATA IN THE INTERACTIVE SPIDR SYSTEM
  4. IONOSPHERIC DATA IN OTHER FORMS

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. The Ionosphere
 The ionosphere is that part of the upper atmosphere where free electrons occur in sufficient density to have an appreciable influence on the propagation of radio frequency electromagnetic waves. This ionization depends primarily on the Sun and its activity. Ionospheric structures and peak densities in the ionosphere vary greatly with time (sunspot cycle, seasonally, and diurnally), with geographical location (polar regions, auroral zones, mid latitudes, and equatorial regions), and with certain solar-related ionospheric disturbances. The major part of the ionization is produced by solar X-ray and ultraviolet radiation and by corpuscular radiation from the Sun. The most noticeable effect is seen as the Earth rotates with respect to the Sun; ionization increases in the sunlit hemisphere and decreases on the shadowed side. Although the Sun is the largest contributor toward the ionization, cosmic rays also make a small contribution. Any atmospheric disturbance affects the distribution of the ionization. The ionosphere is a dynamic system controlled by many parameters including acoustic motions of the atmosphere, electromagnetic emissions, and variations in the geomagnetic field. Because of its extreme sensitivity to atmospheric changes, the ionosphere can be used as a sensitive monitor of atmospheric events.

1.2. Definitions of the Ionospheric Regions
 The ionosphere is divided into four broad regions called D, E, F, and topside. These regions may be further divided into several regularly occurring layers, such as F1 or F2. D Region: The region between about 75 and 95km above the Earth in which the (relatively weak) ionization is mainly responsible for absorption of high-frequency radio waves. E Region: The region between about 95 and 150km above the Earth that marks the height of the regular daytime E layer. Other subdivisions isolating separate layers of irregular occurrence within this region are also labeled with an E prefix, such as the thick layer, E2, and a highly variable thin layer, Sporadic E. Ions in this region are mainly O2+. F Region: The region above about 150km in which the important reflecting layer, F2, is found. Other layers within this region are also described using the prefix F, such as a temperate-latitude regular stratification, F1, and a low-latitude, semi-regular stratification, F1.5. Ions in the lower part of the F layer are mainly NO+ and are predominantly O+ in the upper part. The F layer is the region of primary interest for radio communications. Topside: This part of the ionosphere starts at the height of the maximum density of the F2 layer of the ionosphere and extends upward with decreasing density to a transition height where O+ ions become less numerous than H+ and He+ ions. The transition height varies but seldom drops below 500km at night or 800km in the daytime, although it may lie above 1000km. Above the transition height, the weak ionization has little influence on transionospheric radio signals.

1.3. History of Vertical Incidence Soundings
 Sounding of the ionosphere began in 1925. By 1947, an instrument known as the ionosonde was routinely used to measure automatically the characteristics of the ionosphere. During the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-1958, an international cooperative effort created a worldwide network of ionosondes to record vertical incidence measurements for the 1957-1959 period of maximum solar activity. The IGY ionosonde was a relatively simple, robust, inexpensive piece of equipment by today's standards. Several countries built IGY ionosondes with few differences among them and thus provided similar worldwide photographic records called ionograms. Since the IGY, a loosely coordinated worldwide network of vertical incidence ionosondes, varying between 100 and 200 sites, has operated continuously.

1.4. Ionograms
 Ionograms are recorded tracings of reflected high frequency radio pulses generated by an ionosonde. Unique relationships exist between the sounding frequency and the ionization densities which can reflect it. As the sounder sweeps from lower to higher frequencies, the signal rises above the noise of commercial radio sources and records the return signal reflected from the different layers of the ionosphere. These echoes form characteristic patterns or "traces" that comprise the ionogram. Radio pulses travel more slowly within the ionosphere than in free space, therefore, the apparent or "virtual" height is recorded instead of a true height. For frequencies approaching the level of maximum plasma frequency in a layer, the virtual height tends to infinity, because the pulse must travel a finite distance at effectively zero speed. The frequencies at which this occurs are called critical frequencies. Characteristic values of virtual heights (designated h'E, h'F, and h'F2, etc.) and critical frequencies (designated foE, foF1, and foF2, etc.) of each layer are scaled, manually or by computer, from these ionograms. Typically, an ionosonde station obtains one ionogram recording every 15 minutes. When the scaling is done manually, only the hourly recordings are routinely reduced to numerical data (parameters). Modern ionosondes with computer-driven automatic scaling procedures routinely scale all the ionograms recorded.

2. IONOSPHERIC DIGITAL DATABASE ON CD
 The Ionospheric Digital Database compact discs contain approximately 40,000 station years (1.35 gigabytes) of scaled digital vertical incidence parameters from about 130 sites around the world. These data have been contributed through a major cooperative effort among the World Data Centers and many ionosonde network organizations. All the data placed on this CD database come from 1957 through 1990 and have been digitized, reformatted, and converted to Universal Time.

3. IONOSPHERIC DATA IN THE INTERACTIVE SPIDR SYSTEM

Online Data in interactive forms in new interactive system "Space Physics Ineractive Data Resource" - "SPIDR"
Hourly mean values of ionospheric parameters for global observatory nets (328 stations) from 1957 in SPIDR

4. IONOSPHERIC DATA IN OTHER FORMS

Microfilms of ionogramm for worlds network of ionosphere stations. Click here to see the list of stations we have data for. Data may be ordered by e-mail .