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Дата изменения: Fri Jun 4 16:18:48 1999
Дата индексирования: Mon Oct 1 20:11:12 2012
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Поисковые слова: planetary nebula

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The VSM: Venusian probes

Brief chronology
(Spacecraft that couldn't leave Earth orbit are not shown)

Mission	Type	Start	Arrival	`Mission End`
Venera 1	Flyby	`12 Feb 1961`	`???`
Venera 2	Flyby	`12 Nov 1965`	`27 Feb 1966`
Venera 3	Lander	`16 Nov 1965`	`1 Mar 1966`
Venera 4	Lander	`12 Jun 1967`	`18 Oct 1967`
Venera 5	Lander	`5 Jan 1969`	`16 May 1969`
Venera 6	Lander	`10 Jan 1969`	`17 May 1969`
Venera 7	Lander	`17 Aug 1970`	`15 Dec 1970`
Venera 8	Lander	`27 Mar 1972`	`22 Jul 1972`
Venera 9	Lander/Orbiter	`8 Jun 1975`	`22 Oct 1975`	`Mar 1976 (?)`
Venera 10	Lander/Orbiter	`14 Jun 1975`	`25 Oct 1975`	`Mar 1976 (?)`
Venera 11	Lander	`9 Sep 1978`	`25 Dec 1978`
Venera 12	Lander	`14 Sep 1978`	`21 Dec 1978`
Venera 13	Lander	`30 Oct 1981`	`1 Mar 1982`
Venera 14	Lander	`4 Nov 1981`	`5 Mar 1982`
Venera 15	Orbiter	`2 Jun 1983`	`10 Oct 1983`	`Jun 1984`
Venera 16	Orbiter	`7 Jun 1983`	`14 Oct 1983`	`Jun 1984`
Vega 1	Lander/Probe	`15 Dec 1984`	`11 Jun 1985`	`6 Mar 1986`
Vega 2	Lander/Probe	`21 Dec 1984`	`15 Jun 1985`	`9 Mar 1986`

Venera-1

Venera-2

Venera-3 ... -8

Venera-3 ... -8
descent module

VEGA/Venera-9..14
lander

Venera-9 ... -14

Venera-15,-16

Vega-1,-2

Venera-4
Venera-5
VEGA closeup:
astro-orientation instruments

Block L, botom view
Block L, top view, with Mars-1

Venera engine
Venera-13 soil analyzer
Venera-8 descent module