Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://temporology.bio.msu.ru/EREPORTS/cahill_combining.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Fri Feb 28 04:00:11 2014 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Fri Feb 28 04:46:34 2014 Êîäèðîâêà: koi8-r Ïîèñêîâûå ñëîâà: massive stars

Volume 4

PROGRESS IN PHYSICS

October, 2009

Combining NASA/JPL One-Way Optical-Fiber Light-Speed Data with Spacecraft Earth-Flyby Doppler-Shift Data to Characterise 3-Space Flow
Reginald T. Cahill
School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, Australia
E-mail: Reg.Cahill@flinders.edu.au

We combine data from two high precision NASA/JPL experiments: (i) the one-way speed of light experiment using optical fibers: Krisher T.P., Maleki L., Lutes G.F., Primas L.E., Logan R.T., Anderson J.D. and Will C.M. Phys. Rev. D, 1990, v. 42, 731­734, and (ii) the spacecraft earth-flyby Doppler shift data: Anderson J.D., Campbell J.K., Ekelund J.E., Ellis J. and Jordan J.F. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2008, v. 100, 091102, to give the solar-system galactic 3-space average speed of 486 km/s in the direction RA = 4.29h , Dec = 75.0 . Turbulence effects (gravitational waves) are also evident. Data also reveals the 30 km/s orbital speed of the Earth and the Sun inflow component at 1AU of 42 km/s and also 615 km/s near the Sun, and for the first time, experimental measurement of the 3-space 11.2 km/s inflow of the Earth. The NASA/JPL data is in remarkable agreement with that determined in other light speed anisotropy experiments, such as Michelson-Morley (1887), Miller (1933), Torr and Kolen (1981), DeWitte (1991), Cahill (2006), Munera (2007), Cahill and Stokes (2008) and Cahill (2009).

1

Introduction

In recent years it has become clear, from numerous experiments and observations, that a dynamical 3-space exists [1, 2]. This dynamical system gives a deeper explanation for various observed effects that, until now, have been successfully described, but not explained, by the Special Relativity (SR) and General Relativity (GR) formalisms. However it also offers an explanation for other observed effects not described by SR or GR, such as observed light speed anisotropy, bore hole gravity anomalies, black hole mass spectrum and spiral galaxy rotation curves and an expanding universe without dark matter or dark energy. Herein yet more experimental data is used to further characterise the dynamical 3-space, resulting in the first direct determination of the inflow effect of the Earth on the flowing 3-space. The 3-space flow is in the main determined by the Milky Way and local galactic cluster. There are also components related to the orbital motion of the Earth and to the effect of the Sun, which have already been extracted from experimental data [1]. The postulate of the invariance of the free-space speed of light in all inertial frames has been foundational to the physics of the 20th Century, and so to the prevailing physicist's paradigm. Not only did it provide computational means essential for the standard model of particle physics, but also provided the spacetime ontology, which physicists claim to be one of the greatest of all discoveries, particularly when extended to the current standard model of cosmology, which assumes a curved spacetime account of not only gravity but also of the universe, but necessitating the invention of dark matter and dark energy.
The nomenclature 3-space is used to distinguish this dynamical 3-dimensional space from other uses of the word space.

It s usually assumed that the many successes of the resulting Special Theory of Relativity mean that there could be very little reason to doubt the validity of the invariance postulate. However the spacetime formalism is just that, a formalism, and one must always be careful in accepting an ontology on the basis of the postulates, as in the case of the speed of light, because the postulate never stipulated how the speed of light was to be measured, in particular how clock retardation and length contraction effects were to be corrected. In contrast to the spacetime formalism Lorentz gave a different neo-Galilean formalism in which space and time were not mixed, but where the special relativity effects were the consequence of absolute motion with respect to a real 3-space. Recently [3] the discovery of an exact linear mapping between the Minkowski-Einstein spacetime class of coordinates and the neo-Galilean class of time and space coordinates was reported. In the Minkowski-Einstein class the speed of light is invariant by construction, while in the Galilean class the speed is not invariant. Hence statements about the speed of light are formalism dependent, and the claim that the successes of SR implies that the speed of light is invariant is bad logic. So questions about of the speed of light need to be answered by experiments. There have been many experiments to search for light speed anisotropy, and they fall generally into two classes -- those that successfully detected anisotropy and those that did not. The reasons for this apparent disparity are now understood, for it is important to appreciate that because the speed of light is invariant in SR -- as an essential part of that formalism, then SR cannot be used to design or analyse data from light speed anisotropy experiments. The class of experiments that failed to detect anisotropy, such as those using vacuum Michelson interferometers, say in the form of reso-

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nant vacuum cavities [4], suffer a design flaw that was only discovered in 2002 [5, 6]. Essentially there is a subtle cancellation effect in the original Michelson interferometer, in that two unrelated effects exactly cancel unless the light passes through a dielectric. In the original Michelson interferometer experiments the dielectric happened, fortuitously, to be a gas, as in [7­11, 15], and then the sensitivity is reduced by the factor k2 = n2 1, where n is the refractive index of the gas, compared to the sensitivity factor k2 = 1 used by Michelson in his calculation of the instrument's calibration constant, using Newtonian physics. For air, with n = 1:00029, this factor has value k2 = 0:00058 which explained why the original Michelson-Morley fringe shifts were much smaller than expected. The physics that Michelson was unaware of was the reality of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction effect. Indeed the null results from the resonant vacuum cavities [4] experiments, in comparison with their gas-mode versions, gives explicit proof of the reality of the contraction effect . A more sensitive and very cheap detector is to use optical fibers as the light carrying medium, as then the cancellation effect is overcome [16]. Another technique to detect light speed anisotropy has been to make one-way speed measurements; Torr and Kolen [12], Krisher et al. [18], DeWitte [13] and Cahill [14]. Another recently discovered technique is to use the Doppler shift data from spacecraft earth-flybys [19]. Using the spacetime formalism results in an unexplained earth-flyby Doppler shift anomaly, Anderson et al. [20], simply because the spacetime formalism is one that explicitly specifies that the speed of the EM waves is invariant, but only wrt a peculiar choice of space and time coordinates. Here we combine data from two high precision NASA/JPL experiments: (i) the one-way speed of light experiment using optical fibers: Krisher et al. [18], and (ii) the spacecraft earth-flyby Doppler shift data: Anderson et al. [20], to give the solar-system galactic 3-space average speed of 486 km/s in the direction RA = 4.29h , Dec = 75 . Turbulence effects (gravitational waves) are also evident. Various data reveal the 30 km/s orbital speed of the Earth and the Sun inflow component of 615 km/s near the Sun, and 42 km/s at 1AU, and for the first time, experimental evidence of the 3-space inflow of the Earth, which is predicted to be 11.2 km/s at the Earth's surface. The optical-fiber and restricted flyby data give, at this stage, only an average of 12:4 5 km/s for the Earth inflow -- averaged over the spacecraft orbits, and so involving averaging wrt distance from earth and RF propagation angles wrt the inflowy. The optical fiber -- flyby data is in remarkable agreement with the

spatial flow characteristics as determined in other light speed anisotropy experiments, such as Michelson-Morley (1887), Miller (1933), DeWitte (1991), Torr and Kolen (1981), Cahill (2006), Munera (2007), Cahill and Stokes (2008) and Cahill (2009). The NASA data enables an independent calibration of detectors for use in light speed anisotropy experiments and related gravitational wave detectors. These are turbulence effects in the flowing 3-space. These fluctuations are in essence gravitational waves, and which were apparent even in the Michelson-Morley 1887 data [1, 2, 21]. 2 Flowing 3-space and emergent quantum gravity We give a brief review of the concept and mathematical formalism of a dynamical flowing 3-space, as this is often confused with the older dualistic space and aether ideas, wherein some particulate aether is located and moving through an unchanging Euclidean space -- here both the space and the aether were viewed as being ontologically real. The dynamical 3-space is different: here we have only a dynamical 3-space, which at a small scale is a quantum foam system without dimensions and described by fractal or nested homotopic mappings [1]. This quantum foam is not embedded in any space -- the quantum foam is all there is and any metric properties are intrinsic properties solely of that quantum foam. At a macroscopic level the quantum foam is described by a velocity field v(r; t), where r is merely a 3-coordinate within an embedding space. This space has no ontological existence -- it is merely used to (i) record that the quantum foam has, macroscopically, an effective dimension of 3, and (ii) to relate other phenomena also described by fields, at the same point in the quantum foam. The dynamics for this 3-space is easily determined by the requirement that observables be independent of the embedding choice, giving, for zero-vorticity dynamics and for a flat embedding spacez

r r



@v + (v r)v + @t + (trD)2 tr(D2 ) = 4G ; 8 1 @ vi @ vj + ; v = 0; Dij = 2 @ xj @ xi



9 > > > > > > > = > > > > > > > ;

(1)

where (r; t) is the matter and EM energy densities expressed as an effective matter density. Borehole g measurements and astrophysical blackhole data has shown that 1=137 is the fine structure constant to within observaAs well the null results from the LIGO-like and related vacuum-mode tional errors [1, 2, 24, 25]. For a quantum system with mass

Michelson interferometers are an even more dramatic confirmation. Note that in contrast the LISA space-based vacuum interferometer does not suffer from the Lorentz contraction effect, and as a consequence would be excessively sensitive. y A spacecraft in an eccentric orbit about the Earth would permit, using the high-precision Doppler shift technology, a detailed mapping of the 3-space inflow.

z It is easy to re-write (1) for the case of a non-flat embedding space, such as an S 3 , by introducing an embedding 3-space-metric gij (r), in place of the Euclidean metric ij . A generalisation of (1) has also been suggested in [1] when the vorticity is not zero. This vorticity treatment predicted an additional gyroscope precession effect for the GPB experiment, R. T. Cahill, Progress in Physics, 2007, v. 3, 13­17.
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¨ m the Schrodinger equation is uniquely generalised [24] with been explained away as being caused by some unknown and the new terms required to maintain that the motion is intrinsically wrt to the 3-space, and not wrt to the embedding space, and that the time evolution is unitary

i

2 @ (r; t) = r2 (r; t) @t 2m 1 i v r+ r v 2



(2)

(r; t) :

The space and time coordinates ft; x; y ; z g in (1) and (2) ensure that the separation of a deeper and unified process into different classes of phenomena -- here a dynamical 3-space (quantum foam) and a quantum matter system, is properly tracked and connected. As well the same coordinates may be used by an observer to also track the different phenomena. However it is important to realise that these coordinates have no ontological significance -- they are not real. The velocities v have no ontological or absolute meaning relative to this coordinate system -- that is in fact how one arrives at the form in (2), and so the "flow" is always relative to the internal dynamics of the 3-space. A quantum wave packet propagation analysis of (2) gives the acceleration induced by wave refraction to be [24]

and then taking the limit vR =c ! 0. This shows that (i) the matter `gravitational' geodesic is a quantum wave refraction effect, with the trajectory determined by a Fermat least proper-time principle, and (ii) that quantum systems undergo a local time dilation effect -- which is used later herein in connection with the Pound-Rebka experiment. A full derivation of (6) requires the generalised Dirac equation. 3 3-space flow characteristics and the velocity superposition approximation

undetected "dark matter" density. Eqn. (5) shows that to the contrary it is a dynamical property of 3-space itself. Here we determine various properties of this dynamical 3-space from the NASA optical-fiber and spacecraft flyby Doppler anomaly data. Significantly the quantum matter 3-space-induced "gravitational" acceleration in (3) also follows from maximising the elapsed proper time wrt the wave-packet trajectory r (t), see [1], r Z 2 vR (r (t); t) (6) = dt 1 c2

This paper reports the most detailed analysis so far of data from various experiments that have directly detected the @v g= (3) 3-space velocity field v(r; t). The dynamics in (1) is nec+ ( v r) v + ( r v ) v R ; @t essarily time-dependent and having various contributing efvR (r (t); t) = v (t) v(r (t); t) ; (4) fects, and in order of magnitude: (i) galactic flows associated where vR is the velocity of the wave packet relative to the with the motion of the solar system within the Milky Way, as 3-space, and where v and r are the velocity and position well as flows caused by the supermassive black hole at the relative to the observer, and the last term in (3) generates the galactic center and flows associated with the local galactic Lense-Thirring effect as a vorticity driven effect. Together cluster, (ii) flows caused by the orbital motion of the Earth (2) and (3) amount to the derivation of gravity as a quantum and of the inflow caused by the Sun, and (iii) the inflow assoeffect, explaining both the equivalence principle (g in (3) is ciated with the Earth. An even smaller flow associated with independent of m) and the Lense-Thirring effect. Overall we the Moon is not included in the analysis. It is necessary to have some expectations of the characteristics of the flow exsee, on ignoring vorticity effects, that pected for an earth based observer. First consider an isolated spherical mass density (r), with total mass M , then (1) has 2 tr(D2 ) ; r g = 4G 8 (trD) (5) a stationary flow solution, for r > R, i.e outside of the mass, which is Newtonian gravity but with the extra dynamical term whose strength is given by . This new dynamical effect explains the spiral galaxy flat rotation curves (and so doing away with the need for "dark matter"), the bore hole g anomalies, the black hole "mass spectrum". Eqn. (1), even when = 0, has an expanding universe Hubble solution that fits the recent supernovae data in a parameter-free manner without requiring "dark matter" nor "dark energy", and without the accelerating expansion artifact [25, 26]. However (5) cannot be entirely expressed in terms of g because the fundamental dynamical variable is v. The role of (5) is to reveal that if we analyse gravitational phenomena we will usually find that the matter density is insufficient to account for the observed g. Until recently this failure of Newtonian gravity has
52

r

v(r

)= ^ r )= ^ r

2GM (1 + 2 + : : :) r

(7)

which gives the matter acceleration from (3) to be g(r

GM (1 + 2 + : : :) r2

(8)

corresponding to a gravitational potential, via g

=

(r) =

GM (1 + 2 + : : :) : r

r

, (9)

This special case is Newton's law of gravity, but with some 0.4% of the effective mass being caused by the - dynamics term. The inflow (7) would be applicable to an isolated and stationary sun or earth. At the surface of the Sun

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this predicts an inflow speed of 615 km/s, and 42 km/s at the Earth distance of 1AU. For the Earth itself the inflow speed at the Earth's surface is predicted to be 11:2 km/s. When both occur and when both are moving wrt the asymptotic 3-space, then numerical solutions of (1) are required. However an approximation that appears to work is to assume that the net flow in this case may be approximated by a vector superposition [27] v

C
c (a) E

L
T E A cD

gas '

L

B

C ¸¸g g ¸ ¨ B gas ¸ g vP ¨ gg ¨¨ # ¸ (b) g ¸ gE E ¸E ' A1 Ag2g B gD

= vg

alactic

+ vsun

vorbital

+ vearth + : : :

(10)

where specifies the direction of v(r; t) projected onto the plane of the interferometer, giving projected value vP , relative to the local meridian, and where k2 = (n2 2) (n2 1)=n. Neglect of the relativistic Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction effect gives k2 n3 1 for gases, which is essentially the Newtonian theory that Michelson used. However the above analysis does not correspond to how the interferometer is actually operated. That analysis does not actually predict fringe shifts, for the field of view would be uniformly illuminated, and the observed effect would be a changing level of luminosity rather than fringe shifts. As Michelson and Miller knew, the mirrors must be made slightly non-orthogonal with the degree of non-orthogonality determining how many fringe shifts were visible in the field of view. Miller experimented with this effect to determine a comfortable number of fringes: not too few and not too many. 4 Gas-mode Michelson interferometer Hicks [22] developed a theory for this effect ­ however it is The Michelson interferometer is a brilliant instrument for not necessary to be aware of the details of this analysis in measuring v(r; t), but only when operated in dielectric mode. using the interferometer: the non-orthogonality reduces the This is because two different and independent effects exactly symmetry of the device, and instead of having period of 180 cancel in vacuum mode; see [1, 2, 5]. Taking account of the symmetry now has a period of 360 , so that to (11) we ) in the geometrical path differences, the Fitzgerald-Lorentz arm- must add the extra term a cos( 2 length contraction and the Fresnel drag effect leads to the L(1 + e)vP t = k2 cos 2( )+ travel time difference between the two arms, and which is 3 (12) c detected by interference effects , is given by + a (1 + e ) cos( )+f: Lv 2 ); (11) t = k2 3P cos 2( The term 1 + e models the temperature effects, namely c that as the arms are uniformly rotated, one rotation taking The dielectric of course does not cause the observed effect, it is merely a necessary part of the instrument design physics, just as mercury in a ther- several minutes, there will be a temperature induced change in the length of the arms. If the temperature effects are linear mometer does not cause temperature.
R. T. Cahill. Combining One-Way Optical-Fiber Light-Speed Data with Earth Flyby Doppler Data to Characterise 3-Space Flow 53

which are, in order, translational motion of the Sun, inflow into the Sun, orbital motion of the Earth (the orbital motion produces an apparent flow in the opposite direction -- hence the -ve sign; see Fig. 4), inflow into the Earth, etc. The first three have been previously determined from experimental data, and here we more accurately and using new data determine all of these components. However this superposition cannot be completely valid as (1) is non-linear. So the superposition may be at best approximately valid as a time average only. The experimental data has always shown that the detected flow is time dependent, as one would expect, as with multi-centred mass distributions no stationary flows are known. This time-dependence is a turbulence effect -- it is in fact easily observed and is seen in the Michelson-Morley 1887 data [2]. This turbulence is caused by the presence of any significant mass, such as the galaxy, sun, earth. The NASA/JPL data discussed herein again displays very apparent turbulence. These wave effects are essentially gravitational waves, though they have characteristics different from those predicted from GR, and have a different interpretation. Nevertheless for a given flow v(r; t), one can determine the corresponding induced spacetime metric g which generates the same matter geodesics as from (5), with the proviso that this metric is not determined by the Hilbert-Einstein equations of GR. Significantly vacuum-mode Michelson interferometers cannot detect this phenomenon, which is why LIGO and related detectors have not seen these very large wave effects.

Fig. 1: Schematic diagrams of the gas-mode Michelson Interferometer, with beamsplitter/mirror at A and mirrors at B and C mounted on arms from A, with the arms of equal length L when at rest. D is the detector screen. In (a) the interferometer is at rest in space. In (b) the 3-space is moving through the gas and the interferometer with speed vP in the plane of the interferometer and direction = relative to AB arm. Interference fringes are observed at D when mirrors C and D are not exactly perpendicular. As the interferometer is rotated in the plane shifts of the fringes are seen in the case of absolute motion, but only if the apparatus operates in a gas. By measuring fringe shifts the speed vP may be determined. In general the vP direction has angle wrt the local meridian, and the arm AB has angle relative to the local meridian, so that = is angle between vP and one-arm. The difference in travel times t is given in (11), but with temperature changes and non-orthogonal mirrors by (12). In vacuum the fringes do not shift during rotation .


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in time, as they would be for short time intervals, then they are linear in . In the Hick's term the parameter a is proportional to the length of the arms, and so also has the temperature factor. The term f simply models any offset effect. Michelson and Morley and Miller took these two effects into account when analysing his data. The Hick's effect is particularly apparent in the Miller and Michelson-Morley data. The interferometers are operated with the arms horizontal. Then in (12) is the azimuth of one arm relative to the local meridian, while is the azimuth of the absolute motion velocity projected onto the plane of the interferometer, with projected component vP . Here the Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction is a real dynamical effect of absolute motion, unlike the Einstein spacetime view that it is merely a spacetime perspective artifact, and whose magnitude depends on the choice of observer. The instrument is operated by rotating at a rate of one rotation over several minutes, and observing the shift in the fringe pattern through a telescope during the rotation. Then fringe shifts from six (Michelson and Morley) or twenty (Miller) successive rotations are averaged to improve the signal to noise ratio, and the average sidereal time noted. Some examples are shown in Fig. 2, and illustrate the incredibly clear signal. The ongoing claim that the MichelsonMorely experiment was a null experiment is disproved. And as well, as discussed in [1, 2, 21], they detected gravitational waves, viz 3-space turbulence in 1887. The new data analysed herein is from one-way optical fiber and Doppler shift spacecraft experiments. The agreement between these and the gas-mode interferometer techniques demonstrate that the Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction effect is a real dynamical effect. The null results from the vacuum-mode interferometers [4] and LIGO follow simply from having n = 1 giving k2 = 0 in (11). 5 Sun 3-space inflow from Miller interferometer data

Miller was led to the conclusion that for reasons unknown the existing theory of the Michelson interferometer did not reveal true values of vP , and for this reason he introduced the parameter k, with k herein indicating his numerical values. Miller had reasoned that he could determine both vgalactic and k by observing the interferometer-determined vP and over a year because the known orbital speed of the Earth about the Sun of 30 km/s would modulate both of these observables, giving what he termed an aberration effect as shown in Fig. 11, and by a scaling argument he could determine the absolute velocity of the solar system. In this manner he finally determined that jvgalactic j = 208 km/s in the direction ( = 4h 54m , = 70 330 ). However now that the theory of the Michelson interferometer has been revealed an anomaly becomes apparent. Table 2 shows v = vM =kair , the speed determined using (11), for each of the four epochs. However Table 3 also shows that k and the speeds v = vM = k determined by the scaling argument are considerably differ54

Fig. 2: (a) A typical Miller averaged-data from September 16, 1925, 4h 400 Local Sidereal Time (LST) -- an average of data from 20 turns of the gas-mode Michelson interferometer. Plot and data after fitting using (12), and then subtracting both the temperature drift and Hicks effects from both, leaving the expected sinusoidal form. The error bars are determined as the rms error in this fitting procedure, and show how exceptionally small were the errors, and which agree with Miller's claim for the errors. (b) Best result from the Michelson-Morley 1887 data -- an average of 6 turns, at 7h LST on July 11, 1887. Again the rms error is remarkably small. In both cases the indicated speed is vP -- the 3-space speed projected onto the plane of the interferometer. The angle is the azimuth of the 3-space speed projection at the particular LST. The speed fluctuations from day to day significantly exceed these errors, and reveal the existence of 3-space flow turbulence -- i.e gravitational waves.

ent. We denote by vM the notional speeds determined from (11) using the Michelson Newtonian-physics value of k = 1. The vM values arise after taking account of the projection effect. That k is considerably larger than the value of kair indicates that another velocity component has been overlooked. Miller of course only knew of the tangential orbital speed of the Earth, whereas the new physics predicts that as-well there is a 3-space radial inflow vsun = 42 km/s at 1AU. We can approximately re-analyse Miller's data to extract a first approximation to the speed of this inflow component. Clearly p 2 2 it is vR = vsun + vorbital that sets the scale, see Fig. 4 and not vorbital , and because k = vM =vorbit and kair = vM =vR are the scaling relations, then s s 2 2 vR k vsun = vorbital 1 = vorbital 1 : (13) 2 2

v

orbital

kair

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Epoch 1925/26 February 8 April 1 August 1 September 15

v

M

k
0.048 0.051 0.053 0.046

v = vM =k
419.1 464.7 398.3

air

v = vM =k
193.8 km/s 198.0 211.3 208.7

v=

p

3v

v

sun

9.3 km/s 10.1 11.2 9.6

385.9 km/s

335.7 km/s 342.9 366.0 361.5

51.7 km/s 56.0 58.8 48.8

Table 1: The k anomaly: k kair = 0:0241, as the 3-space inflow effect. Here vM and k come from fitting the interferometer data using Newtonian physics (with vorbital = 30 km/s used to determine k), while v and v are computed speeds using the indicated scaling. The average of the Sun inflow speeds, at 1AU, is vsun = 54 6 km/s, compared to the predicted inflow speed of 42 km/s from (7). From column 4 we obtain the average galactic flow of v = 417 50 km/s, compared with the NASA-data determined flow of 486 km/s.

vorbital

'

e

vsun

ev eR ce sun
the plane of the ecliptic the Sun inflow velocity velocity of the 3-space alactic contribution.

e

Fig. 4: Orbit of earth about the Sun defining with tangential orbital velocity vorbital and vsun . Then vR = vsun vorbital is the relative to the Earth, but not showing the vg

Fig. 3: Speeds vP , of the 3-space velocity v projected onto the horizontal plane of the Miller gas-mode Michelson interferometer located atop Mt.Wilson, plotted against local sidereal time in hours, for a composite day, with data collected over a number of days in September 1925, [8]. The data shows considerable fluctuations, from hour to hour, and also day to day, as this is a composite day. The dashed curve shows the non-fluctuating best-fit variation over one day, as the Earth rotates, causing the projection onto the plane of the interferometer of the velocity of the average direction of the space flow to change. The maximum projected speed of the curve is 417 km/s (using the STP air refractive index of n = 1:00029 in (11) (atop Mt. Wilson the better value of n = 1:00026 is suggested by the NASA data), and the min/max occur at approximately 5hrs and 17hrs local sidereal time (Right Ascension). Note from Fig. 11 and Table 2 that the Cassini flyby in August gives a RA= 5:15h , close to the RA apparent in the above plot. The error bars are determined by the method discussed in Fig. 2. The green data points, with error bars, at 7h and 13h are from the Michelson-Morley 1887 data, from averaging (excluding only the July 8 data for 7h because it has poor S/N), and with same rms error analysis. The fiducial time lines at 5h and 17h are the same as those shown in Figs. 6 and 11. The speed fluctuations are seen to be much larger than the statistically determined errors, confirming the presence of turbulence in the 3-space flow, i.e gravitational waves, as first seen in the Michelson-Morley experiment.

Using the k values in Table 1 and the value of kair we obtain the vsun speeds shown in Table 1, which give an averaged speed of 54 6 km/s, compared to the predicted inflow speed of 42 km/s. Of course this simple re-scaling of the Miller results is not completely valid because the direction of vR is of course different to that of vorbital , nevertheless the Sun inflow speed of vsun = 54 5 km/s at 1AU from this analysis is reasonably close to the predicted value of 42 km/s. 6 Generalised Maxwell equations and the Sun 3-space inflow light bending One of the putative key tests of the GR formalism was the gravitational bending of light by the Sun during the 1915 solar eclipse. However this effect also immediately follows from the new 3-space dynamics once we also generalise the Maxwell equations so that the electric and magnetic fields are excitations of the dynamical space. The dynamics of the electric and magnetic fields must then have the form, in empty space, 9 @H > r E= + v rH ; r E = 0 ; > > =

r

H

=



@t

@E +v @t

r



E

;

r

H

= 0;

> > > ;

(14)

We have not modified this value to take account of the altitude effect or temperatures atop Mt.Wilson. This weather information was not recorded by P Miller. The temperature and pressure effect is that n = 1:0+0:00029 P T0 , 0T where T is the temperature in 0 K and P is the pressure in atmospheres. T0 = 273K and P0 =1atm. The NASA data implies that atop Mt. Wilson the air refractive index was probably close to n = 1:00026.

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E

c d © d'$ z d d E ' d d &% d s d T

where v is the inflow speed at distance d and d is the impact parameter. This agrees with the GR result except for the correction. Hence the observed deflection of 8:4 10 6 radians is actually a measure of the inflow speed at the Sun's surface, and that gives v = 615 km/s, in agreement with (7). These generalised Maxwell equations also predict gravitational lensing produced by the large inflows associated with the new "black holes" in galaxies. 7 Torr and Kolen RF one-way coaxial cable experiment

Fig. 5: Shows bending of light through angle by the inhomogeneous spatial inflow, according to the minimisation of the travel time in (18). This effect permits the inflow speed at the surface of the Sun to be determined to be 615 km/s. The inflow speed into the Sun at the distance of the Earth from the Sun has been extracted from the Miller data, giving 54 6 km/s.

A one-way coaxial cable experiment was performed at the Utah University in 1981 by Torr and Kolen [12]. This involved two rubidium vapor clocks placed approximately 500 m apart with a 5 MHz sinewave RF signal propagating between the clocks via a nitrogen filled coaxial cable buried in the ground and maintained at a constant pressure of 2 which was first suggested by Hertz in 1890 [23], but with v psi. Torr and Kolen observed variations in the one-way travel being a constant vector field. Suppose we have a uniform flow time, as shown in Fig. 7 by the data points. The theoretical of space with velocity v wrt the embedding space or wrt an predictions for the Torr-Kolen experiment for a cosmic speed observer's frame of reference. Then we can find plane wave of 480 km/s in the direction ( = 5h ; = 70 ), and includsolutions for (14): ing orbital and in-flow velocities, are shown in Fig. 7. The i(k r !t) H(r; t) = H ei(k r !t) E(r; t) = E0 e (15) maximum/minimum effects occurred, typically, at the pre0 dicted times. Torr and Kolen reported fluctuations in both the magnitude, from 1­3 ns, and time of the maximum variwith ations in travel time, just as observed in all later experiments p ! (k; v) = c j~ j + v k where c = 1= : (16) -- namely wave effects. k Then the EM group velocity is vE M

^ ~ = rk ! (k; v) = c k + v :

8 Krisher et al. one-way optical-fiber experiment (17) The Krisher et al. one-way experiment [18] used two hydrogen maser oscillators with light sent in each direction through optical fiber of length approximately 29 km. The optical fiber was part of the NASA DSN Deep Space Communications Complex in the Mojave desert at Goldstone, California. Each maser provided a stable 100-MHz output frequency. This signal was split, with one signal being fed directly into one channel of a Hewlett-Packard Network Analyzer. The other signal was used to modulate a laser carrier signal propagated along a 29 km long ultrastable fiber optics link that is buried five feet underground. This signal was fed into the second channel of the other Network Analyzer at the distant site. Each analyzer is used to measure the relative phases of the masers, 1 and 2 . The data collection began on November 12 1988 at 20:00:00 (UTC), with phase measurements made every ten seconds until November 17 1988 at 17:30:40 (UTC). Figs. 6(a) and (f) shows plots of the phase difference 1 2 and phase sum 1 + 2 , in degrees, after removing a bias and a linear trend, as well as being filtered using a Fast Fourier Transform. The data is plotted against local sidereal time. In analysing the phase data the propagation path was taken to be along a straight line between the two masers, whose longitude and latitude are given by (243 120 2100 :65; 35 250 3300 :37) and (243 060 4000 :37; 35 140 5100 :82). Fig. 6

So the velocity of EM radiation vE M has magnitude c only with respect to the space, and in general not with respect to the observer if the observer is moving through space. These experiments show that the speed of light is in general anisotropic, as predicted by (17). The time-dependent and inhomogeneous velocity field causes the refraction of EM radiation. This can be computed by using the Fermat least-time approximation. Then the EM ray paths r(t) are determined by minimising the elapsed travel time:
Z sf

=

si

j

dr ds ; c vR (s) + v(r(s); t(s)j ^ ds


(18)

a path parameter, and vR is the 3-space vector tangential to the path. For light bending by the Sun inflow (7) the angle of deflection is

dr v(r(t); t) ; (19) dt by varying both r(s) and t(s), finally giving r(t). Here s is
vR

=



=2
56

v 2 4GM (1 + 2 + : : :) = + ::: c2 c2 d

(20)

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Fig. 6: Data from five different EM speed anisotropy experiments showing earth rotation wrt local preferred frame, as shown by sidereal time phasing, together with wave effects. In all cases a zero bias was removed and low-pass filtering was applied. (a): Krisher [18] optical fiber phase difference data 1 2 , in degrees. (b): DeWitte [13] RF coaxial cable phase data, in ns. The DeWitte cable ran NS. (c): Cahill [14] hybrid optical-fiber/RF coaxial-cable data, in ps, from August 2006. Cable ran NS. (d): Cahill [16, 17] optical-fiber Michelson interferometer, in photodiode mV, from September 18, 2007. (e): Cahill RF coaxial-cable data, in ps, from May 2009. Cable ran NS. (f): Krisher [18] optical fiber phase sum data 1 + 2 , in degrees. In each case the (red) sinusoidal curves shows the phase expected for a RA of 5h , but with arbitrary magnitudes. The vertical lines are at local sidereal times of 5h and 17h , on successive days, corresponding to the RAs shown in red in Fig. 11. The Krisher data gives a local sidereal time of 4:96h , corresponding to a RA of 6:09h for November -- caused by the 42 inclination of the optical fiber to the local meridian. This RA was used in combination with the spacecraft earth-flyby Doppler shift data. Note the amplitude and phase fluctuations in all the data -- these are gravitational wave effects.

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s dv d vi c V E i d ' i ' d vi c+ d SC Earth d
Fig. 8: Asymptotic flyby configuration in earth frame-of-reference, with spacecraft (SC) approaching Earth with velocity Vi . The departing asymptotic velocity will have a different direction but the same speed, as no force other than conventional Newtonian gravity is assumed to be acting upon the SC. The dynamical 3-space velocity is v(r; t), though taken to be time independent during the Doppler shift measurement, which causes the outward EM beam to have speed c vi (r), and inward speed c + vi (r), where vi (r) = v (r) cos(i ), with i the angle between v and V. A similar description applies to the departing SC, labeled i ! f .

Fig. 7: Data from the 1981 Torr-Kolen experiment at Logan, Utah [12]. The data shows variations in travel times (ns), for local sidereal times, of an RF signal travelling through 500 m of coaxial cable orientated in an EW direction. Actual days are not indicated but the experiment was done during February-June 1981. Results are for a typical day. For the 1st of February the local time of 12 : 00 corresponds to 13:00 sidereal time. The predictions are for February, for a cosmic speed of 480 km/s in the direction ( = 5:0h ; = 70 ), and including orbital and in-flow velocities but without theoretical turbulence. The vertical lines are at local sidereal times of 5h and 17h , corresponding to the RAs shown in red in Figs. 6 and 11.

© Vf

v(D) W 2 s2 d u 222 d ¤ SC Vi '$ ¤D ¤e Earth TS &%

shows as well the corresponding phase differences from other experiments. Krisher only compared the phase variations with that of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), and noted that the phase relative to the local sidereal time differed from CMB direction by 6 hrs, but failed to notice that it agreed with the direction discovered by Miller in 1925/26 and published in 1933 [8]. The phases from the various experiments show that, despite very different longitudes of the experiments and different days in the year, they are in phase when plotted against local sidereal times. This demonstrates that the phase cycles are caused by the rotation of the Earth relative to the stars -- that we are observing a galactic phenomenon, being that the 3-space flow direction is reasonably steady wrt the galaxy . Nevertheless we note that all the phase data show fluctuations in both the local sidereal time for maxima/minima and also fluctuations in magnitude. These wave effects first appeared in experimental data of Michelson and Morley in 1887. From the November Krisher data in Figs. 6(a) and (f) the Right Ascension of the 3-space flow direction was obtained from the local sidereal times of the maxima and minima, giving a RA of 6:09h , after correcting the apparent RA of 4:96h for the 42 inclination of the optical fiber to the local meridian. This RA was used in combination with the spacecraft earth-flyby Doppler shift data, and is shown in Fig. 11. The magnitudes of the Krisher phases are not used in deThe same effect is observed in Ring Lasers [29] -- which detect a sidereal period of rotation of the Earth, and not the solar period. Ring Lasers cannot detect the 3-space direction, only a rate of rotation.

Fig. 9: Spacecraft (SC) earth flyby trajectory, with initial and final asymptotic velocity V, differing only by direction. The Doppler shift is determined from Fig. 8 and (32). The 3-space flow velocity at the location of the SC is v. The line joining Tracking Station (TS) to S C is the path of the RF signals, with length D. As SC approaches earth v(D) changes direction and magnitude, and hence magnitude of projection vi (D) also changes, due to earth component of 3-space flow and also because of RF direction to/from Tracking Station. The SC trajectory averaged magnitude of this earth in-flow is determined from the flyby data and compared with theoretical prediction.

termining the RA for November, and so are not directly used in this report. Nevertheless these magnitudes provide a check on the physics of how the speed of light in optical fibers is affected by the 3-space flow. The phase differences 1 2 in Fig. 6a, which correspond to a 1st order in v =c experiment in which the Fresnel drag effect must be taken into account, are shown to be consistent with the determined speed for November, noting that the use of phase comparators does not allow the determination of multiple 360 contributions to the phase differences. The analysis of the Krisher phase sum 1 + 2 in Fig. 6f, which correspond to a 2nd order in v =c experiment, requires the Lorentz contraction of the optical fibers. as well as the Fresnel drag effect, to be taken into account. The physics of optical fibers in relation to this and other 3space physics will be discussed more fully elsewhere. 9 3-space flow from Earth-flyby Doppler shifts The motion of spacecraft relative to the Earth are measured by observing the direction and Doppler shift of the transponded RF transmissions. This gives another technique to determine

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the speed and direction of the dynamical 3-space as manifested by the light speed anisotropy [19]. The repeated detection of the anisotropy of the speed of light has been, until recently, ignored in analysing the Doppler shift data, causing the long-standing anomalies in the analysis [20]. The use of the Minkowski-Einstein choice of time and space coordinates does not permit the analysis of these Doppler anomalies, as they mandate that the speed of the EM waves be invariant. Because we shall be extracting the Earth inflow effect we need to take account of a spatially varying, but not timevarying, 3-space velocity. In the Earth frame of reference, see Fig. 8, and using clock times from earth-based clocks, let the transmitted signal from earth have frequency f . The time for one RF maximum to travel distance D to SC from earth is, see Fig. 9,

Ignoring the projected 3-space velocity vi (D), that is, assuming that the speed of light is invariant as per the usual literal interpretation of the Einstein 1905 light speed postulate, we obtain instead

f 00 =

c2 f: (c V )2

(28)

The use of (28) instead of (27) is the origin of the putative anomalies. Expanding (28) we obtain

f f 00 f 2V = = : f f c

(29)

arrives at SC at time, taking account of SC motion,

dr : (21) c vi (r ) 0 The next RF maximum leaves time T = 1=f later and t1 = t2 = T +
Z D VT

ZD

However expanding (27) we obtain, for the same Doppler shift,
f f 00 f v (D)2 2V = = 1+ 2 + ::: f f c c

(30)

0

c
Z D VT

dr : vi (r )

(22)

The period at the SC of the arriving RF is then

T 0 = t2

t1 = T +

D



dr c vi (r) c vi (D ) V T: c vi (D)

(23)

Essentially this RF is reflected by the SC. Then the 1st RF maximum takes time to reach the Earth Z0 dr t01 = (24) c + v (r)
D VT i

It is the prefactor to 2V =c missing from (29) that explains the spacecraft Doppler anomalies, and also permits yet another determination of the 3-space velocity v(D), viz at the location of the SC. The published data does not give the Doppler shifts as a function of SC location, so the best we can do at present is to use a SC trajectory-averaged v (D), namely v i and v f , for the incoming and outgoing trajectories, as further discussed below. From the observed Doppler shift data acquired during a flyby, and then best fitting the trajectory, the asymptotic hyperbolic speeds Vi1 and Vf 1 are inferred from (29), but incorrectly so, as in [20]. These inferred asymptotic speeds may be related to an inferred asymptotic Doppler shift

0 fi1 f1 f 2Vi1 = = + ::: f f c
which from (30) gives

(31)

and the 2nd RF maximum takes time Z0 t02 = T 0 D V T V T0

dr : c + vi (r)

(25)

Vi1



Then the period of the returning RF at the Earth is

f i1 c v2 i = 1 + 2 V + ::: f 2 c





(32)

T 00 = t02

t01 =

= T0 +

Z D V T V T0

where V is the actual asymptotic speed. Similarly after the flyby we obtain



c + vi (D) V 0 T: c + vi (D)

D VT

dr c + vi (r )


(26)

Vf 1



v2 ff 1 c f = 1 + 2 V + ::: f 2 c

!

(33)

Then overall we obtain the return frequency to be

y
(27)

and we see that the "asymptotic" speeds Vi1 and Vf 1 must differ, as indeed reported in [20]. We then obtain the expression for the so-called flyby anomaly

c + vi (D ) c vi (D ) 1 f: f 00 = 00 = T c + vi (D) V c vi (D) V
y

V1 = Vf 1
where here V average of Vi

Vi 1 =

v2 f

In practice a more complex protocol is used. This corrects the corresponding expression in [19], but without affecting the final results.

1



c2

v2 i

V

(34)

V1 to sufficient accuracy, where V1 is the and Vf 1 , The existing data on v permits ab
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initio predictions for V1 . As well a separate least-squaresfit to the individual flybys permits the determination of the average speed and direction of the 3-space velocity, relative to the Earth, during each flyby. These results are all remarkably consistent with the data from the various laboratory experiments that studied v. We now indicate how v i and v f were parametrised during the best-fit to the flyby data. In (10) vgalactic + vsun vorbital was taken as constant during each individual flyby, with vsun inward towards the Sun, with value 42 km/s, and vorbital as tangential to earth orbit with value 30 km/s -- consequentially the directions of these two vectors changed with day of each flyby. The earth inflow vearth in (10) was taken as radial and of an unknown fixed trajectory-averaged value. So the averaged direction but not the averaged speed varied from flyby to flyby, with the incoming and final direction being approximated by the ( i ; i ) and ( f ; f ) asymptotic directions shown in Table 2. The predicted theoretical variation of vearth (R) is shown in Fig. 10. To best constrain the fits to the data the flyby data was used in conjunction with the RA from the Krisher optical fiber data. This results in the aberration plot in Fig. 11, the various flyby data in Table 2, and the Earth in-flow speed determination in Fig. 12. The results are in remarkable agreement with the results from Miller, showing the extraordinary skill displayed by Miller in carrying out his massive interferometer experiment and data analysis in 1925/26. The only effect missing from the Miller analysis is the spatial in-flow effect into the Sun, which affected his data analysis, but which has been partially corrected for in Sect.5. Miller obtained a galactic flow direction of = 4:52 hrs, = 70:5 , compared to that obtained herein from the NASA data of = 4:29 hrs, = 75:0 , which differ by only 5 .

Fig. 10: Earth 3-space inflow speed vs distance from earth in earth radii, as given in (7), plotted only for R > 1:0. Combining the NASA/JPL optical fiber RA determination and the flyby Doppler shift data has permitted the determination of the angle- and distanceaveraged inflow speed, to be 12:4 5km/s.

h = h2 h1 , then the frequency differential follows from (6), f = f v 2 (h2 ) v 2 (h1 ) 1 1 2 c c2 2 2 v (h1 )2c2v (h2 ) + : : : = 1 dv 2 (r) =2 h + ::: = 2c dr g (r) h = + ::: = c2
r r



=

c2

+ :::
2

(35)

using (3) with v rv = r v2 for zero vorticity r v = 0, 10 Earth 3-space inflow: Pound and Rebka experiment and ignoring any time dependence of the flow, and where finally, is the change in the gravitational potential. The The numerous EM anisotropy experiments discussed herein actual process here is that, say, photons are emitted at the top demonstrate that a dynamical 3-space exists, and that the of the tower with frequency f and reach the bottom detecspeed of the earth wrt this space exceeds 1 part in 1000 of c, tor with the same frequency f -- there is no change in the namely a large effect. Not surprisingly this has indeed been frequency. This follows from (23) but with now V = 0 givdetected many times over the last 120 years. The speed of ing T = T 0 . However the bottom clock is running slower nearly 500 km/s means that earth based clocks experience a because the speed of space there is faster, and so this clock real, so-called, time dilation effect from (6) of approximately determines that the falling photon has a higher frequency, ie. 0.12 s per day compared to cosmic time. However clocks may appears blue shifted. The opposite effect is seen for upward be corrected for this clock dilation effect because their speed travelling photons, namely an apparent red shift as observed v though space, which causes their slowing, is measurable by the top clock. In practice the Pound-Rebka experiment by various experimental methods. This means that the abso- used motion induced Doppler shifts to make these measure¨ lute or cosmic time of the universe is measurable. This very ments using the Mossbauer effect. The overall conclusion is much changes our understanding of time. However because that Pound and Rebka measured the derivative of v 2 wrt to of the inhomogeneity of the Earth 3-space in-flow component height, whereas herein we have measured that actual speed, the clock slowing effect causes a differential effect for clocks but averaged wrt the SC trajectory measurement protocol. It at different heights above the Earth's surface. It was this ef- is important to note that the so-called "time dilation" effect is fect that Pound and Rebka reported in 1960 using the Harvard really a "clock slowing" effect -- clocks are simply slowed tower [28]. Consider two clocks at heights h1 and h2 , with by their movement through 3-space. The Gravity Probe A
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Fig. 11: South celestial sphere with RA and Dec shown. The red dotted circle shows the Miller aberration path discovered in 1925/26, from [8]. The red point at = 4:52 hrs, = 70:5 shows the galactic flow direction determined by Miller, after removing earthorbit aberration effect. The dark blue circle shows the aberration path from best-fitting the Earth-flyby Doppler shift data and using the optical-fiber RA data point for November from Krisher [18], see Fig. 12. This corresponds to a best fit averaged earth inflow speed of 12:4 5km/s. The blue aberration paths show the best-fit if (a) upper circle: earth inflow speed = 0 km/s, (b) = 4.0 km/s, (c) = 8.0 km/s and (d) = 12.4 km/s (thick blue circle). The actual 3-space flow directions are shown by light-blue background to labels for the flybys in Aug, Dec, Jan and Mar, and given in Table 2. The red point at = 4:29 hrs, = 75:0 shows the optical-fiber/earth-flyby determined galactic flow direction, also after removal of earth-orbit aberration effect, and is only 5 from the above mentioned Miller direction. The miss-fit angle between the best-fit RA and Dec for each flyby is given in Table 2, and are only a few degrees on average, indicating the high precision of the fit. This plot shows the remarkable concordance between the NASA/JPL determined 3-space flow characteristics and those determined by Miller in 1925/26. It must be emphasised that the optical-fiber/flyby aberration plot and galactic 3-space flow direction is obtained completely independently of the Miller data. The blue line at 6:09h is the orientation corrected Krisher RA, and has an uncertainty of 1h , caused by wave/turbulence effects. The fiducial RA of 5h and 17h , shown in red, are the fiducial local sidereal times shown in Figs. 3, 6 and 7. The point EP is the pole of the ecliptic. The speed and declination differences between the Miller and NASA data arise from Miller being unaware of the Sun 3-space inflow effect -- correcting for this and using an air refractive index of n = 1:00026 atop Mt. Wilson increases the Miller data determined speed and moves the declination slightly southward, giving an even better agreement with the NASA data. Here we have merely reproduced the Miller aberration plot from [8].

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Parameter Date V1 km/s i deg i deg f deg f deg
v hrs v deg

GLL-I Dec 8, 1990 8.949 266.76 -12.52 219.97 34.15 5.23 80.3 490.6 3.92 0.3 4.07 1

GLL-II Dec 8, 1992 8.877 219.35 34.26 174.35 4.87 5.23 80.3 490.6 4.6 1.0 5.26 1

NEAR Jan 23, 1998 6.851 261.17 20.76 183.49 71.96 3.44 80.3 497.3 13.46 0.01 13.45 2

Cassini Aug 18, 1999 16.010 334.31 12.92 352.54 4.99 5.18 70.3 478.3 21 0.76 4

Rosetta Mar 4, 2005 3.863 346.12 2.81 246.51 34.29 2.75 76.6 499.2 1.80 0.03 0.86 5

M'GER Aug 2, 2005 4.056 292.61 31.44 227.17 31.92 4.89 69.5 479.2 0.02 0.01 4.56 --

v km/s (O) V1 mm/s (P) V1 mm/s (P) deg

Table 2: Earth flyby parameters from [20] for spacecraft Galileo (GLL: flybys I and II), NEAR, Cassini, Rosetta and MESSENGER (M'GER). V1 is the average osculating hyperbolic asymptotic speed, and are the right ascension and declination of the incoming (i) and outgoing (f) osculating asymptotic velocity vectors, and (O) V1 is the putative "excess speed" anomaly deduced by assuming that the speed of light is isotropic in modeling the Doppler shifts, as in (31). The observed (O) V1 values are from [20], and after correcting for atmospheric drag in the case of GLL-II, and thruster burn in the case of Cassini. (P) V1 is the predicted "excess speed", using (34), after least-squares best-fitting that data using (34): v and v and v are the right ascension, declination and the 3-space flow speed for each flyby date, which take account of the Earth-orbit aberration and earth inflow effects, and correspond to a galactic flow with = 4:29 hrs, = 75:0 and v = 486 km/s in the solar system frame of reference. is the error, in the best fit, for the aberration determined flow direction, from the nearest flyby flow direction. In the fitting the MESSENGER data is not used, as the data appears to be anomalous.

experiment [33] also studied the clock slowing effect, though again interpreted differently therein, and again complicated by additional Doppler effects. 11 CMB direction

Fig. 12: The weighted angle- and distance-averaged earth 3-space inflow speed vearth , see Fig. 10, as determined from NASA data, upper green plot. Uses the averaged Right Ascension from the Krisher et al. data for November, = 4:96h , but corrected to = 6:09h for orientation effect of the optical fiber, shown by the thick blue line, with uncertainty range from wave effects shown by two thin blue lines, compared with the predicted RA from fitting the flyby data, as shown in Fig. 11. The red plot shows that prediction for various averaged inflow speeds, with +ve speeds being an inflow, while -ve speeds are an outflow. The earth flyby aberration fits for vearth = 0; +4:0, +8:0 and +12:4 km/s are shown in Fig. 11. Theory gives that the inflow speed is +11:2km/s at the Earth's surface -- shown by lower green plot. So the detected averaged inflow speed seems to be in good agreement with an expected averaged value. This is the first detection of the Earth's spatial inflow, and the acceleration of this flow is responsible for the Earth's gravity. Note that the flyby data clearly mandates an inflow (+ve values in this figure and not an out-flow -- having -ve values). 62

The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) velocity is often confused with the Absolute Motion (AM) velocity or lightspeed anisotropy velocity as determined in the experiments discussed herein. However these are unrelated and in fact point in very different directions, being almost at 90 to each other, with the CMB velocity being 369 km/s in direction ( = 11:2h , = 7:22 ). The CMB velocity vector was first determined in 1977 by Smoot et al. [30]. The CMB velocity is obtained by defining a frame of reference in which the thermalised CMB 3 K radiation is isotropic, that is by removing the dipole component, and the CMB velocity is the velocity of the Earth in that frame. The CMB velocity is a measure of the motion of the solar system relative to the last scattering surface (a spherical shell) of the universe some 13.4Gyrs in the past. The concept here is that at the time of decoupling of this radiation from matter that matter was on the whole, apart from small observable fluctuations, on average at rest with respect to the 3-space. So the CMB velocity is not motion with respect to the local 3-space now; that is the AM velocity. Contributions to the AM velocity would arise from the orbital motion of the solar system within the Milky Way galaxy, which has a speed of some 250 km/s, and contributions from the motion of the Milky

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Way within the local cluster, and so on to perhaps super clusters, as well as flows of space associated with gravity in the Milky Way and local galactic cluster etc. The difference between the CMB velocity and the AM velocity is explained by the spatial flows that are responsible for gravity at the galactic scales. 12 Conclusions We have shown that the NASA/JPL optical fiber and spacecraft earth flyby data give another independent determination of the velocity of the solar system through a dynamical 3space. The resulting direction is in remarkable agreement with the direction determined by Miller in 1925/26 using a gas-mode Michelson interferometer. The Miller speed requires a better knowledge of the refractive index of the air atop Mt. Wilson, where Miller performed his experiments, but even using the STP value we obtain reasonable agreement with the NASA/JPL determined speed. Using an air refractive index of 1.00026 in place of the STP value of 1.00029 would bring the Miller speed into agreement with the NASA data determined speed. As well the NASA/JPL data has permitted the first direct measurement of the flow of 3-space into the Earth, albeit averaged over spacecraft trajectory during their flybys. This is possible because the inflow component is radially inward and so changes direction relative to the other flow components during a flyby, making the flyby Doppler shifts sensitive to the inflow speed. It must be emphasised that the long-standing and repeated determinations of the anisotropy of vacuum EM radiation is not in itself in contradiction with the Special Relativity formalism -- rather SR uses a different choice of space and time variables from those used herein, a choice which by construction mandates that the speed of EM radiation in vacuum be invariant wrt to that choice of coordinates [3]. However that means that the SR formalism cannot be used to analyse EM radiation anisotropy data, and in particular the flyby Doppler shift data. The discovery of absolute motion wrt a dynamical 3-space has profound implications for fundamental physics, particularly for our understanding of gravity and cosmology. It shows that clocks, and all oscillators, whether they be classical or quantum, exhibit a slowing phenomenon, determined by their absolute speed though the dynamical 3-space. This "clock slowing" has been known as the "time dilation" effect -- but now receives greater clarity. It shows that there is an absolute or cosmic time, and which can be measured by using any clock in conjunction with an absolute speed detector -- many of which have been mentioned herein, and which permits the "clock slowing" effect to be compensated. This in turn implies that the universe is a far more coherent and nonlocally connected process than previously realised, although a model for this has been proposed [1]. It also shows that the now standard discussion of the limitations of simultaneity

were really misleading -- being based on the special space and time coordinates invoked in the SR formalism, and that simultaneity is a fact of the universe, albeit an astounding one. As well successful absolute motion experiments have always shown wave or turbulence phenomena, and at a significant scale. This is a new phenomena that is predicted by the dynamical theory of 3-space. Ongoing development of new experimental techniques to detect and characterise these wave phenomena will be reported elsewhere.
Submitted on June 18, 2009 / Accepted on July 10, 2009

References
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18. Krisher T.P., Maleki L., Lutes G.F., Primas L.E., Logan R.T., Anderson J.D. and Will C.M. Test of the isotropy of the oneway speed of light using hydrogen-maser frequency standards. Phys. Rev. D, 1990, v. 42, 731­734. 19. Cahill R.T. Resolving spacecraft Earth-flyby anomalies with measured light speed anistropy. Progress in Physics, 2008, v. 4, 9­15. 20. Anderson J.D., Campbell J.K., Ekelund J.E., Ellis J. and Jordan J.F. Anomalous orbital-energy changes observed during spaceraft flybys of Earth. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2008, v. 100, 091102. 21. Cahill R.T. Quantum foam, gravity and gravitational waves. In: Relativity, Gravitation, Cosmology: New Developments, Dvoeglazov V., ed., Nova Science Pub., New York, 2009. 22. Hicks W.M. Phil. Mag., 1902, v. 3, 9­42. 23. Hertz H. On the fundamental equations of electro-magnetics for bodies in motion. Wiedemann's Ann., 1890, v. 41, 369; Electric waves. Collection of scientific papers. Dover Publ., New York, 1962. 24. Cahill R.T. Dynamical fractal 3-space and the generalised ¨ Schrodinger equation: equivalence principle and vorticity effects. Progress in Physics, 2006, v. 1, 27­34. 25. Cahill R.T. A quantum cosmology: no dark matter, dark energy nor accelerating Universe. arXiv: 0709.2909. 26. Cahill R.T. Unravelling the dark matter -- dark energy paradigm. Apeiron, 2009, v. 16, no. 3, 323­375. 27. Cahill, R.T. The dynamical velocity superposition effect in the quantum-foam theory of gravity. In: Relativity, Gravitation, Cosmology: New Developments, Dvoeglazov V., ed., Nova Science Pub., New York, 2009. 28. Pound R.V. and Rebka Jr. G.A. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1960, v. 4(7), 337­341. ¨ 29. Schreiber K.U., Velikoseltsev A., Rothacher M., Klugel T., Stedman G.E. and Wilsthire D.L. Direct measurement of diurnal polar motion by ring laser gyroscopes. J. Geophys. Res., 2004, v. 109, B06405; arXiv: physics/0406156. 30. Smoot G.F., Gorenstein M.V. and Muller R.A. Phys. Rev. Lett., 1977, v. 39(14), 898. 31. Cahill R.T. 3-space inflow theory of gravity: boreholes, blackholes and the fine structure constant. Progress in Physics, 2006, v. 2, 9­16. 32. Cahill R.T. Dark matter as a quantum foam in-flow effect. In: Trends in Dark Matter Research, ed. J. Val Blain, Nova Science Pub., NY, 2005, 95­140. 33. Vessot R.F.C. et al. Test of relativistic gravitation with a spaceborne hydrogen maser. Rev. Mod. Phys., 1980, v. 45, 2081.

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