Документ взят из кэша поисковой машины. Адрес оригинального документа : http://selena.sai.msu.ru/Symposium/maps.doc Дата изменения: Mon Oct 6 18:10:13 2008 Дата индексирования: Thu Feb 27 20:14:08 2014 Кодировка: Поисковые слова: ngc 281

MAPS AND GLOBES OF THE MOON COMPILED WITH PARTICIPATION

OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LUNAR AND PLANETARY INVESTIGATION
J.F.Rodionova, Sternberg State Astronomical Institute Moscow University

Resume: A brief description of the mapping of the Moon carried out with the
participation of the scientific workers of SAI and with the guidance of
Y.N.Lipsky is taken.

In the Soviet Union the cartography of the Moon began with the
launching of the Luna-3 space probe in 1959 which photographed for the
first time ever the other side of the Moon. In 1960 the first map of the
far side of the Moon was compiled on the basis of this data. It was
prepared by the P.K.Sternberg State Astronomical Institute (SAI) and the
Central Research Institute of Geodesy, Aerial Photography and Cartography.
The Globe of the Moon was also issued (the scale 1:13 600 000). The special
methods of the pictures treating joined the astrophysical and cartography
methods were used under guidance Y.N.Lipsky. It allowed to show more
details of far side relief.
The possibility of studying the global features of the structure of
the lunar surface became real after completing the global survey of the
Moon in 1965. Using materials of photographing the far side of the Moon
from the Luna 3 and Zond 3 spacecraft and the best pictures of the near
side the Sternberg State Astronomical Institute and USSR Topographical
Service have compiled the Complete Map of the Moon (CMM) on a scale 1:5 000
000 on 9 sheets and the globe of the Moon at a scale of 1:10 000 000 which
reflect 95% of the lunar surface and issued in 1967. For the CMM map the
arbitrary cylindrical projection plotted under the condition that the
distortion of the angles did not exceed (5( in the region limited by
parallels (50( was worked out specially. The areas of formations on extreme
parallels (60( are increased on the map by 100%, while Mercators
rectangular projection they would be increased 4-fold. Polar regions are
represented in the equiangular azimuthal projection. The map also contains
practically a full list of lunar names in Russian and Latin transcription.
The CMM map and globe of the Moon were compiled under guidance Y.N.Lipskiy.
Since 1966 the author of the paper was an editor of the maps. The second
edition of CMM was issued in 1969 year. The photographic map of the visible
side of the Moon at a scale 1:5 000 000 and the map for the equatorial zone
at a scale 1:1 000 000 on 7 sheets were compiled on the basis of the data
of groundbased telescopic surveys in 1967.
Thanks to the pictures taken from spacecraft Lunar Orbiters and space
probes Zond 6,7,8 which have provided scientists with qualitatively new
material drafting of the topography of the lunar surface has been improved
considerably in CMM of the 3-rd edition in 1979. On the basis of the
original of the relief shading of this map at a scale of 1:10 000 000 was
prepared on a single sheet. This map is complemented by data on the areas
of mare formations measured by J.F.Rodionova, the main stages of lunar
studies by spacecraft and spaceships and by reference data as well as the
map of the distribution of lunar rocks compiled by V.V.Shevchenko.
The fixing of pictures taken by Zond 3,6,7 spacecraft Apollo 8,11,13
was carried out by means of the unified multiplex designed at the SAI by
V.I.Chikmachev. This multiplex makes it possible to restore optically the
bundles of projecting rays, which existed at the moment of photography.
Using the unified multiplex it is also possible to obtain photographic
images corrected for curvature and inclination. The coordinate fixing on
the map CMM-1979 is improved as compared with previous editions, especially
in the central part of the far side of the Moon and in nearpolar areas. In
the course of the relief shading wide use was made of photographs of
individual regions projected onto the spherical screen and photographed
from points chosen by the artist-cartographer V.V.Sokolov. Thus the "blank
spot" in the southern polar area was decreased. On the CMM-1979 map 99.5%
of the entire surface is reflected.
The appearance of the lunar surface on the photographs varies to a
great degree with the change of lighting conditions. To correctly convey
all specific features of this or that region it is necessary to have
photographs obtained both in case of the low incidence of sunrays and in
case of their high incidence. While for the visible side of the Moon there
are detailed atlases of photographs taken in different lighting conditions,
for the far side there are not such atlases.
On the maps of the Moon the difference of two basic types of the
surface is well reflected: the highland type which occupies 83% of the
surface characterised by the high albedo, considerable roughness and a
large number of craters and the mare type -17%, which is characterised by
the low albedo, the low, relatively smooth relief and a smaller number of
large craters (fig.1, 2). Along with this widespread types of formations of
the lunar surface are shown: craters with morphological features inherent
in them, mountains, crests in maria, hills, domes, faults, valleys, rilles,
chains of small craters. Over 20 000 formations are shown on the map.
The brightness features of the lunar surface are indicated on the map
by variations of the tone of colour relief shading. With this aim in view
the makeup of the boundaries of the areas of various albedo was preliminary
constructed. Data on the brightness features of the surfaces enhances the
information value of map. It has been established that the brightness of
lunar material is determined by the chemical composition of rocks. The
value of the albedo of the lunar surface can be used as a preliminary
indication of the type of rocks having the predominant spread in a specific
region. Craters with ray systems, which represent long and bright stripes
radiated from craters, are also shown on the map, although these formations
can be seen only in case of vertically falling sunrays.
Maps of the Moon are widely used for solving important scientific
tasks. They have been used for obtaining such quantitative indices as areas
of maria, large basins and craters, for zoning on the basis of one or
several signs, for revealing spatial regularities as well as analysis of
the distribution of typical topographic forms on the surface.
All the specific features of the Moon's relief described above are
also reflected in detail on globes at a scale of 1:10 000 000 issued in the
USSR in 1967, 1969, 1974, 1979, 1984, 1989 years. Every new edition was
changed in accordance with IAU data of adopted names. The originals of the
globe of the Moon were prepared in the form of 12 segments embracing zones
of 30( longitude and (80( in latitude as well as two near polar regions of
the direct azimuthal equidistance projection. The original technique of
transformation by means of the spherical screen was used in process of
preparing the segments. New opportunities are opened with the use of
thermal plastic materials, which makes it possible to pass over to the new
technique of creating globes - the formation of entire hemispheres. Such
globe was prepared in 1990 by specialists of NRKP amalgamation, SAI and the
Central Research Institute of Geogesy, Aerial Photography and Cartography.







































Fig.1 A frame of a segment of the lunar globe (hand made half-tone shading)
for the region of far side which was photographed at first the Luna 3
spacecraft. On the top is Mare Moscovience; on the bottom is Tsiolkovsky.

Fig.2 A frame of segment of the lunar globe for the region to the south of
Mare Imbrium.